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Write a research report that addresses ONE of the following research topics:
1. Various people’s experiences of how their basic psychological needs (attachment, control and
orientation, pain avoidance vs pleasure maximisation and self-esteem) is affected positively or
negatively in their organisations.
In the context of workplace psychology, understanding how basic psychological needs are met or
unmet within organizations is crucial for fostering employee well-being, satisfaction, and
productivity. These needs, as framed by Self-Determination Theory (SDT), encompass autonomy
(control), competence (orientation and mastery), and relatedness (attachment). Additionally,
psychological constructs such as pain avoidance versus pleasure maximization, and self-esteem
significantly influence employees’ experiences and outcomes in the workplace.
However, the extent to which these psychological needs are satisfied can vary significantly
depending on an individual’s background, particularly when considering systemic inequalities and
historical disadvantages. In South Africa, previously disadvantaged groups (PDGs), including black,
colored, and Indian males and females, often face unique challenges in organizational settings. These
challenges stem from the lingering effects of apartheid, ongoing systemic inequities, and deeply
ingrained societal prejudices. In contrast, non-previously disadvantaged groups (NPDGs), typically
white males and females, often experience the workplace differently, often benefiting from more
inclusive systems and historical privileges.
This research explores how employees from different designated groups experience the satisfaction
or frustration of their basic psychological needs in organizations. Drawing on qualitative research
methods, including in-depth interviews with participants from both PDGs and NPDGs, this research
identifies common themes, compares experiences across groups, and provides recommendations for
enhancing organizational inclusivity and psychological well-being.
Literature Review
The concept of basic psychological needs in the workplace is rooted in Deci and Ryan's (1985)
Self-Determination Theory (SDT). SDT posits that all individuals have three fundamental
psychological needs: autonomy (the need to feel in control of one’s actions), competence (the need
to feel effective and capable), and relatedness (the need to feel connected and belonging). When
these needs are met, individuals tend to experience higher levels of motivation, well-being, and
satisfaction. Conversely, when these needs are frustrated, individuals may experience disengagement,
burnout, and psychological distress.
In the organizational context, research has shown that meeting these needs is critical for employee
well-being and performance. For instance, Gagné and Deci (2005) found that employees who
experience higher levels of autonomy are more likely to be motivated and satisfied with their jobs.
Similarly, employees who feel competent in their roles and connected to their colleagues are more
likely to perform well and remain committed to their organizations.
