Virulence
Ability of pathogen to invade and injure host (ability to produce disease)
non-specific (innate) immunity
first line of defense against invasion by pathogens
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Brainpower
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Iantrogenic (HAI) - ANSWER- results from diagnostic procedure
Exogenous (HAI) - ANSWER- from microorganisms outside the body
Endogenous (HAI) - ANSWER- overgrowth of natural flora (opportunistic)
Who is at risk for infection? - ANSWER- Immunocompromised
Post operative
Indwelling device
Break in the skin
impaired circulation
,chronic disease
crowded environments
older adults
poor life choices
Common HAI infection routes - ANSWER- 1. Surgical or trauma wound
2. Urinary
3. resp. Tract
4. bloodstream
Chain of Infection - ANSWER- 1. Infectious agent
2. Reservoirs - where does the infectious agent reside
3. Portal of exit - how does pathogen leave the body (sneeze/cough)
4. Means of transmission - how exposed to another person
5. Portal of entry - how does pathogen enter a new host
6. Susceptible host - person at risk for developing infection
Means of transmission - ANSWER- 1. Contact (Direct or indirect)
2. Droplet (sneeze, cough, talking), large particles
3. Airborne (cough, sneeze, exhaling), small particles suspended in air
4. Vector (animals/insects)
Stages of Infection - ANSWER- 1. Incubation - the time between pathogen enters
the body and first symptoms
2. Prodromal - General symptoms appear pathogen is multiplying (nonspecific
like fatigue)
3. Illness - specific symptoms of pathogen appear (ex: strep = sore throat)
4. Convalescence - symptoms are gone, recovery lasts days to months
Infection control - ANSWER- Patient safety
Separate personal care items
Handling solid and fluid waste
Wound cleaning
Patient education
Cough etiquette
isolation and isolation precautions
surgical asepsis
Devices at risk for infection (HAI) - ANSWER- -Catheter - avoid if possible, remove
as soon as possible
-IV - can be left in 72 hrs max
, Nursing Process of Infection
1. Assessment - ANSWER- -Review of systems
-Travel hist. And immunizations
-Early recog. Of risk factors
-Patient susceptibility to infection
-Current medical therapy
-Clinical appearance of patient
-Signs and symptoms of infection
-Lab data (WBC, ESR, CRP), WBC 15,000-20,000 definite infection
Nursing Process of Infection
2.Planning - ANSWER- -Goals and outcomes
(Prevent exposure to pathogens,
Control/reduce current infection, &
Maintain resistance to new infection)
-Verbalize understanding of infection prevention - teach client
-Teamwork and collaboration - use teamwork to work towards goals
Nursing Process of Infection
3.Implementation - ANSWER- -Health promotion - preventing an infection (use
med/surg asepsis)
-Acute care - eliminate pathogens and support immune defenses
Nursing Process of Infection
4. Evaluation - ANSWER- -what was success of infection control technique?
-See through patients eyes, have their expectations been met?
-Patient outcomes
(Measure success of infection control,
Compare patient's outcomes to expected outcomes,
If goals not achieved, what next steps must be taken?)
Medical asepsis (also called clean technique) - ANSWER- hand washing,
elimination pathogens
Surgical asepsis (also called sterile technique) - ANSWER- Maintain lack of
pathogens (already steril)
Infection Prevention techniques - ANSWER- -Patient safety
(Separate care items,
Handling solid and fluid waste,
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