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Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology
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Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 5th Edition TESTBANK by Norris, ISBN: 9781975107192
A number of regulatory mechanisms, including the blood-brain barrier and auto-
regulatory mechanisms that ensure its blood supply, maintain the ? electrically
active cells - ANSWER:brain's
Although the brain makes up only 2% of the body weight, it receives 15% of the
resting cardiac output and accounts for ?% of the oxygen consumption - ANSWER:20
Because ? indicates decreased oxygen levels in all brain tissue, it produces a
generalized depressant effect on the brain - ANSWER:hypoxia
Cerebral ischemia can be ?, as in stroke, or ?, as in cardiac arrest - ANSWER:focal,
global
Excessive influx of ? during neural ischemia results in neuronal and interstitial edema
- ANSWER:sodium
? refers to short serpiginous segments of necrosis that occur within and parallel to
the cerebral cortex, in areas supplied by the penetrating arteries during an ischemic
event - ANSWER:Laminar necrosis
In many neurologic disorders, various mediators including excitatory ?
catecholamines, nitric oxide, free radicals, inflammatory cells, apoptosis, and
intracellular ? may cause injury to neurons - ANSWER:amino acids, proteases
Increased ? pressure is a common pathway for brain injury from different types of
insults and agents - ANSWER:Intracranial
Brain ? represents a displacement of brain tissue under the falx cerebri or through
the tentorial notch or incisura of the tentorium cerebelli - ANSWER:herniation
Cerebral ? is an increase in tissue volume secondary to abnormal fluid accumulation -
ANSWER:edema
The functional manifestations of ? edema include focal neurologic deficits,
disturbances in consciousness, and severe intracranial hypertension -
ANSWER:vasogenic
? edema involves an increase in intracellular fluid - ANSWER:Cytotoxic
The effects of traumatic head injuries can be divided into two categories: ? injuries,
in which damage is caused by impact, and secondary injuries, in which damage
results from the subsequent brain swelling, infection, or ? - ANSWER:primary,
cerebral hypoxia
, ? usually are caused by head injury in which the skill is fractured - ANSWER:Epidural
hematomas
A subdural hematoma develops in the area between the dura and the arachnoid and
usually is the result of a(n) ? in the small bridging veins that connect veins on the
surface of the cortex to dural sinuses - ANSWER:tear (or rupture)
? is the state of awareness of self and the environment and of being able to become
oriented to new stimuli - ANSWER:Consciousness
Brain death is defined as the irreversible loss of function of the ? , including the brain
stem. - ANSWER:brain
The ? state is characterized by loss of all cognitive functions and the unawareness of
self and surroundings - ANSWER:vegetative
Cerebral ? has been classically defined as the ability of the brain to maintain constant
cerebral blood flow despite changes in systemic arterial pressure -
ANSWER:autoregulation
At least three metabolic factors affect cerebral blood flow: ?, ?, and ? concentration -
ANSWER:carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, oxygen
? is the syndrome of acute focal neurologic deficit from a vascular disorder that
injuries brain tissue - ANSWER:stroke
TIA or " ? " is equivalent to "brain angina" and reflects a temporary disturbance in
focal cerebral blood flow, which reverses before infarction occurs, analogous to ? in
relation to heart attack - ANSWER:ministroke, angina
? strokes are caused by an interruption of blood flow in a cerebral vessel, and ?
strokes are caused by bleeding into the brain tissue - ANSWER:ischemic,
hemorrhagic
? are the most common cause of ischemic strokes, usually occurring in
atherosclerotic blood vessels - ANSWER:Thrombi
? infarcts result from occlusion of the smaller penetrating branches of large cerebral
arteries, commonly the middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries -
ANSWER:Lacunar
A(n) ? stroke is caused by a moving blood clot that travels from its origin to the brain
- ANSWER:embolic
The most frequently fatal stroke is a spontaneous ? into the brain -
ANSWER:hemorrhage
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