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Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology
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Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 5th Edition TESTBANK by Norris, ISBN: 9781975107192
Although the heart is the center of the cardiovascular system, ? transport blood
throughout the body. - ANSWER:blood vessels
Endothelial cells form a continuous lining for the entire vascular system called the ?.
- ANSWER:endothelium
Vascular smooth muscle cells, which form the predominant cellular layer in the
tunica media, produce ? or ? of blood vessels. - ANSWER:vasoconstriction, dilation
The term ? denotes a reduction in arterial flow to a level that is insufficient to meet
the oxygen demands of the tissues. - ANSWER:ischemia
? refers to an area of ischemic necrosis in an organ produced by occlusion of its
arterial blood supply or its venous drainage. - ANSWER:infarction
Elevated levels of blood ? are implicated in the development of atherosclerosis with
its attendant risk of heart attack or stroke. - ANSWER:cholesterol
Because ? and ? are insoluble in plasma, they are encapsulated by a stabilizing coat
of water-soluble lipoproteins. - ANSWER:cholesterol, triglyceride
The ? transport cholesterol and triglycerides to various tissues for energy utilization,
lipid deposition, steroid hormone production, and bile acid formation. -
ANSWER:lipoproteins
Some of the apoproteins activate the ? enzymes that facilitate the removal of lipids
from the lipoproteins. - ANSWER:lipolytic
There are two sites of lipoprotein synthesis: the ? and the ? - ANSWER:small
intestine, liver
? transfer their triglycerides to the cells of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. -
ANSWER:chylomicrons
LDL, sometimes called the ?, is the main carrier of cholesterol. - ANSWER:bad
cholesterol
LDL is removed from circulation either by ? or by ? cells. - ANSWER:LDL receptors,
scavenger
, The uptake of LDL by macrophages in the arterial wall can result in the accumulation
of insoluble cholesterol esters, the formation of foam cells, and the development
of ?. - ANSWER:atherosclerosis
HDL is synthesized in the liver and often is referred to as the ?. - ANSWER:good
cholesterol
Lipoprotein measurements are particularly important in persons at high risk for
development of ?. - ANSWER:coronary heart disease
Many types of primary hypercholesterolemia have a ? basis. - ANSWER:genetic
Causes of ? hyperlipoproteinemia include obesity with high-calorie intake and
diabetes mellitus. - ANSWER:secondary
Excess calorie consistently ? HDL and less consistently ? LDL levels in the blood. -
ANSWER:lower, elevate
? is a type of arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries - ANSWER:atherosclerosis
The major risk factor for atherosclerosis is ?. - ANSWER:hypercholesterolemia
? is closely linked with coronary heart disease and sudden death. - ANSWER:cigarette
smoking
Considerable interest in the role of ? in the etiology of atherosclerosis has emerged
over the last few years. - ANSWER:inflammation
? is a serum marker for systemic inflammation. - ANSWER:C-reactive protein (CRP)
? inhibits elements of the anticoagulant cascade and is associated with endothelial
damage, which is thought to be an important first step in the development of
atherosclerosis. - ANSWER:Homocysteine
Activated macrophages release ? that oxidize LDL. - ANSWER:free radicals
Small vessel ? are sometimes associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.
- ANSWER:vasculitides
An ? is a freely moving particle such as a blood clot that breaks loose and travels in
the larger vessels of the circulation until lodging in a smaller vessel and occluding
blood flow. - ANSWER:embolus
? is an inflammatory arterial disorder that causes thrombus formation. -
ANSWER:Thromboangiitis obliterans
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