NU 608 Quiz 3 Questions with All Correct Answers
Intracellular fluid: how much of total body water? - Answer- 2/3 of total body water.
fluid inside the cells. K+ is the principle cation, and phosphate and protein are the principle anion.
Extracellular fluid: how much of the total body water? ...
NU 608 Quiz 3 Questions with All
Correct Answers
Intracellular fluid: how much of total body water? - Answer- 2/3 of total body water.
fluid inside the cells. K+ is the principle cation, and phosphate and protein are the
principle anion.
Extracellular fluid: how much of the total body water? Divided into what two
components? - Answer- 1/3.
1. plasma volume- intravascular fluid
2. interstitial fluid- extravascular fluid 3/4 of ECF. Na+ is the major cation, and Cl- and
bicarb are the anions.
Transcellular compartment of total body water: - Answer- 1% of ECF- in joints,
peritoneal, intraocular, pericardial, 3rd spacing.
Edema: - Answer- accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces.
S+S of edema: - Answer- swelling, pitting, increased body weight, pain, impaired
circulation
Edema- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure: - Answer- increased volume,
increased pressure due to excessive retention of salt and water in the kidney. Increased
pressure forces fluid into the tissues (pulmonary edema, pregnancy)
Edema- Deceased capillary oncotic pressure: - Answer- due to a loss of proteins
(albumin) which results in a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure, so fluids are most
likely to leak out into the tissues (kidney disease, poor nutrition)
Edema- Increased capillary permeability: - Answer- capillaries become more leaky from
inflammation, allergic reaction, infection due to the release of histamine and chemical
mediators from the cells.
Edema- lymph obstruction: - Answer- Excessive fluid and protein are not returned to the
general circulation (lymph node removal, surgery)
, Coronary artery disease: - Answer- Vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the
coronary arteries. Major causes include arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
(CAD) Arteriosclerosis: - Answer- abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial
vessel walls. Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to the tunica intima (inner
lining) causing hardening and stiffness. Decrease in the artery's ability to change size.
(CAD) Atherosclerosis: - Answer- MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CAD. Slowly
progressive- starting with endothelial injury then an accumulation of lipid-laden
macrophages in the arterial walls, which then forms a plaque.
Primary mechanism in atherosclerosis development: - Answer- inflammation combined
with oxidative stress and activation of macrophages.
Major risk factors for CAD (2): - Answer- 1. high cholesterol
2. hypertension
others: congenital, infection, high iron levels.
Myocardial ischemia: - Answer- CAD can lead to it. It occurs when the supply of
coronary blood cannot meet the demands of the myocardium. Cells will become
ischemia within 10 seconds, 20 seconds is reversible (angina), longer = MI
Angina: (3 types) - Answer- severe pain originating from the heart as a result of
myocardial ischemia.
1. stable (classic)- build-up of lactic acid, precipitated by stress, lasts 3-5 minutes,
arteries cannot dilate. Lack of relief = infarction.
2. Prinzmetal (variant)- from a vasospasm, at rest during REM sleep
3. unstable- combo of stable and variant
Acute coronary syndrome (2): - Answer- 1. unable angina
2. myocardial infarction
rupture or complication of plaque that causes obstruction of coronary artery.
Myocardial infarction: - Answer- >20 minutes of sudden and extended obstruction of the
myocardial blood supply causing cellular injury, death. Afterwards cells may go necrotic,
remodel, or repair.
Myocarditis: most common cause? - Answer- Inflammation of heart muscle without
evidence of CAD or MI- usually due to viral infections of the myocardium. COXSACKIE
VIRUS AND ENTEROVIRUS. Heart muscle becomes dilated, flabby, hemorrhage.
Myocarditis: manifestations and treatment - Answer- Asymptomatic but may see flulike,
fever, tachycardia. Tx = symptom management, heart transplant, LVAD, trying to
prevent further damage.
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