Hydrolic Cycle correct answers movement of water through the hydrosphere
Hoe does water get trapped in certain parts of the hydrolic cycle? correct answers - longest in ice caps (10,000-200,000 years)
- shortest in living organisms (hours-days)
- shallow-deep ground water (100-10,000 years) so...
EESC 101 Exam 4 || with 100% Error-free Answers.
Hydrolic Cycle correct answers movement of water through the hydrosphere
Hoe does water get trapped in certain parts of the hydrolic cycle? correct answers - longest in ice
caps (10,000-200,000 years)
- shortest in living organisms (hours-days)
- shallow-deep ground water (100-10,000 years) so once it gets polluted it's really hard to clean
Why are we so interested in groundwater? correct answers - water stored in sediments or rocks
underground provides ~2/3 of the water we use
- its the most abundant/accessible fresh water
Hydrolic Reservoirs correct answers - rocks that can carry/store groundwater
- dependent on porosity and permeability
What is porosity? correct answers - portion of the rock that is open spaces
- primary porosity = created during rock formation (highest with well sorted sediments)
- secondary porosity = created after rock formation (due to fault fractures or dissolution)
What is permeability? correct answers - how connected the open pore spaces are (so water isn't
just stuck)
- depends on number, size, and straightness of conduits (pathways)
- rocks can be porous but not permeable
Difference between aquitards and aquifers? correct answers - aquitards: rock that slows/stops
water flow (like a cap)
- unconfined aquifer: transmits water easily, no aquitard above
- confined aquifer: transmits water easily, overlain by aquitard
What are different aquifer types? correct answers basement/sediment, in basin and range,
basement layering
Water table correct answers the level between unsaturated zone (not all pores filled) and
saturated zone (all pore spaces filled), can raise/drop based on local conditions
Perched water table correct answers local aquitard; small area with an impermeable rock that
groundwater sits on top of
How does groundwater flow? correct answers - high -> low pressure
- determined by local water table
- REALLY slow
Wells correct answers artificially produced taps into groundwater
Springs correct answers natural seeps where groundwater intersects the surface
, How do springs form? correct answers - drop in elevation goes below local water table
- aquifer runs into an impermeable boundary that pushes water up
- perched water table flows to an area with lower elevation
- groundwater flows along impermeable layers until it gets out
- groundwater seeps out of faults
Artesian Springs/Wells correct answers - when there is a sloped confined aquifer, it has built up
pressure
- drilling/fracturing allows water to rush to the surface
- same idea with the water supply in cities (water tower raises water table to it wants to push
water into houses)
Groundwater Landforms: Cave Networks correct answers - if you have limestone deposits,
abundant water, and are above sea level but below the water table you can form a cave
- formed from acidic water breaking down rocks
- can get speleothems (soda straws, stalactites, stalagmites, and columns)
Groundwater Landforms: Sinkholes correct answers collapsed ceilings of a cave network, doesn't
always stay open
Groundwater Landforms: Karst Windows correct answers collapsed roof allows view into cave
network (once opened, open forever)
Groundwater Landforms: Karst Landscape correct answers - when a cave is formed underground
but the entire ceiling collapses so that the cave is the new landscape (not smooth)
- Tower Karst: pillars of uncollapsed material
What are other groundwater related landscapes? correct answers - Monadnock: isolated high
peaks, resistant rock that sticks up
- Dry Valley: region with no surface water because water is just below the surface
Groundwater Issues: Water Table Drawdown correct answers - water being pumped out faster
than it can replenish leads to water table dropping
- can dry out local surface waters, kill local environment
- near coasts you can accidentally get salty groundwater (ruin that well forever)
- locally depressing water can change flow
- can shrink pore space and permanently lower aquifer capacity
Groundwater Issues: Natural Groundwater Chemicals correct answers - some disolved minerals
in groundwater are bad for humans
- can be a problem for our pipes
Groundwater Issues: Human Contamination correct answers - septic tank, fertilizer, farm animal
sewage, garbage landfill, waste containers
- sometimes can take decades for you to see you have an issue
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