Biopsychology (PSYU2236)- ALL CONTENT || with Errorless Solutions 100%.
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Course
Biopsychology
Institution
Biopsychology
W1: What is learning? correct answers Acquisition of knowledge/skills through experience
W1: What is associative learning? correct answers Learning process where a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus (The creation of associations between two stimuli / a behaviour + consequ...
Biopsychology (PSYU2236)- ALL CONTENT || with
Errorless Solutions 100%.
W1: What is learning? correct answers Acquisition of knowledge/skills through experience
W1: What is associative learning? correct answers Learning process where a new response
becomes associated with a particular stimulus (The creation of associations between two stimuli /
a behaviour + consequence)
W1: What is non-associative learning? correct answers Learning that changes in
frequency/amplitude of behaviour/response after repeated exposures to a single stimulus
W1: What are types of non-associative learning? correct answers - Habituation → Decrease in
response
- Sensitisation → Increase in response
W1: What is habituation? correct answers Progressive decrease in response amplitude/frequency
due to repeated stimulus exposure AND strengthens over time (stimulus-specific). The stimulus
has little/no importance. The initial stimulus can be recaptured/re-experienced.
W1: What is sensory adaption? correct answers The fatigue of sensory receptors ∴ decreased
responding to unchanged stimuli
The initial stimulus can't be recaptured (experiencing the same intensity/response twice).
W1: What is dishabituation? correct answers Recovery in responsiveness to an already
habituated stimulus
Addition of novel stimuli reorients the perceiver to the stimulus (directs their attention back to
the tuned-out stimulus).
W1: What is sensitisation? correct answers Progressive increase in response amplitude/frequency
due to repeated stimulus exposure BUT decays spontaneously over time (not stimulus-specific).
Response increase generalises to other stimuli in environment (more sensitive to everything
else). Stimulus is important.
W1: What is desensitisation? correct answers Decrease of response down to baseline due to
repeated stimulus experience (decrease over time as the stimulus is increasingly experienced)
W1: What are the different types and intensities of stimuli? correct answers Type:
- Simple → progressive habituation
- Complex → sensitisation → habituation
Intensity:
- Low → habituation
- Medium → sensitisation → habituation
- High → sensitisation
,W1: What is dual-process theory? correct answers - Underlying processes of habituation &
sensitisation can co-occur
- Companion processes (mostly inversely proportional)
- Observable behaviour is the sum of these two processes (measurable + overt behaviour)
- Habituation effect = habituation process > sensitisation process (vice versa)
W1: What is classical conditioning? correct answers 1. The procedure of repeatedly pairing an
initially Neutral Stimulus (NS) and an Unconditioned Stimulus [(US) - a stimulus that reliably
elicits an Unconditioned Response (UR)]
2. After conditioning, the NS becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) that elicits a Conditioned
Response (CR) that resembles the UR.
3. NS + US = UR → conditioning → CS = CR
W1: What are the types of Unconditioned Stimuli (US) correct answers - Appetitive
(Reinforcement):
Automatically elicits approach responses that give satisfaction & pleasure
- Aversive (Punishment):
Automatically elicits avoidance/escape responses to pain/harm
W1: What is stimulus substitution theory (SST)? correct answers Pavlov thought that the CS
became a substitute for the US.
Innate US-UR reflex pathway:
- CS substitutes for the US in
evoking the same response
- CR and UR produced by same neural region
- Food → salivation
- CS → salivation
If so, CR is the same as UR
W1: What is sign-tracking? correct answers Directing behaviour at the CS even at the expense of
the US (reward/goal). Sign-tracking offers an account of how impulsive and involuntary
behaviour begins
and is triggered by cues.
- argument for SST
W1: What is goal-tracking? correct answers Directing behaviour at the US. Goal trackers don't
ascribe incentive to the CS.
- argument for SST
W1: What is Preparatory Response Theory (PRT)? correct answers The CR is a response that
serves to prepare the organism for the upcoming US
W1: What is Compensatory Response Theory? correct answers A version of the PRT. The
compensatory after-effects to a
US are what comes to be elicited by the CS. Based on the opponent-process theory of
emotion/motivation. Central goal is to maintain a state of
,homeostasis
W1: What is stimulus generalisation? correct answers A tendency to respond to stimuli that are
similar, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus
W1: What is transfer of training? correct answers Being able to apply knowledge gained in one
situation to that of a similar one.
W1: What is stimulus discrimination? correct answers The learned ability to respond differently
to similar stimuli - to pick the 'real deal' from the look-alikes.
W1: This is the term for the response we give when turning towards novel visual or auditory
stimuli:
a. Orienting response
b. Fixation response
c. Conditioned response
d. Unconditioned response
e. Nephobia correct answers a. Orienting response
W1: You train your pet boa constrictor to find the television remote using food reinforcement.
Your pet boa constrictor, however, begins to wrap itself around and squeeze the television
remote whenever it finds it. This would be considered:
a. Higher order conditioning
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Sign tracking
d. Extinction of operant response correct answers c. Sign tracking
W1: Habituation and sensitisation effects perform which of the following functions:
a. focus attention on background stimuli
b. focus attention on relevant stimuli
c. allow focusing of attention on all stimuli present
d. direct maximal responses to all stimuli present correct answers b. focus attention on relevant
stimuli
W1: After being bitten by a big Alsatian dog, Harry was scared of other big dogs but he was not
scared of little dogs like Chihuahuas. This pattern demonstrates:
a. discrimination
b. habituation
c. backward conditioning
d. latent learning correct answers a. discrimination
W1: In salivary conditioning, dogs will often orient toward the CS. This phenomenon is:
, a. evidence against a strict interpretation of stimulus substitution theory
b. evidence supporting a strict interpretation of stimulus substitution theory
c. only observed after many conditioning trials
d. evidence for S-S associations
e. is evidence of extinction correct answers a. evidence against a strict interpretation of stimulus
substitution theory
W1: Bashinski is conducting an investigation of visual attention in infants: A relatively complex
pattern will be presented to the infants, hopefully eliciting visual attention. What do you predict
will happen with repeated presentations of the complex visual stimulus?
a. The infants will increase, then decrease responding
b. The infants will show uniformly high levels of responding across all trials.
c. The infants will decrease, then increase responding
d. The infants will show a high level of responding on the first trial, then decreasing responding
on subsequent trials correct answers a. The infants will increase, then decrease responding
W1: Habituation can be distinguished from sensory adaptation because:
a. habituation effects are longer lasting than sensory adaptation effects
b. after sensory adaptation you cannot recover the experience of the stimulus until your sensory
receptors recover
c. after habituation you can experience the stimulus again if your attention is turned to it
d. b and c correct answers d. b and c
W1: For a rat, a light is conditioned to asymptote such that it is very strongly associated with
food. The rat is then kept in a cage until it is hungry and this time the light comes on at the same
time as a tone. Which of the following statements is true:
a. The rat will attend to the tone as it has habituated to the light
b. The tone will act as an external inhibitor and inhibit responding to the light
c. The light will overshadow the tone
d. The light will block conditioning to the tone correct answers d. The light will block
conditioning to the tone
W1: Lisa loves listening to acoustic guitar music. However, she has noticed that after the first 30
or 45 minutes of listening to it, it does not bring her the same positive feelings anymore. Based
on your knowledge of habituation effects, she could re-capture that feeling by:
a. listening to that same music more frequently
b. turning the volume down
c. only listening to that music while she is studying
d. introducing something novel to her environment correct answers d. introducing something
novel to her environment
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