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UTA HENRY A&P2 FINAL EXAM | QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS| 100% CORRECT | GRADED A+ R250,41   Add to cart

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UTA HENRY A&P2 FINAL EXAM | QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS| 100% CORRECT | GRADED A+

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UTA HENRY A&P2 FINAL EXAM | QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS| 100% CORRECT | GRADED A+ endocrine system - the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream exocrine system - The collection of ducted glands that secrete produ...

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UTA HENRY A&P2 FINAL EXAM | QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS| 100% CORRECT | GRADED A+




endocrine system - the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands
that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine system - The collection of ducted glands that secrete products to the body's
surface or into body cavities

Hormones - chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands,
travel through the bloodstream, and affect other specific tissues

local hormones - act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secreted them
without first entering the bloodstream

circulating hormones - Circulate in blood throughout body, act on distant targets

Paracrine - Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on a neighboring cell.

Autocrine - term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them

lipid soluble hormones - -steroid and thyroid hormones
-act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
-can enter cell

steroid hormones - hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; derives from cholesterol

thyroid hormone - increases basic metabolic rate

water soluble hormones - -requires receptors on cell membrane + G-protein
-amines, peptides/proteins, eicosanoids

Mechanisms of Hormone Action - response depends on hormone and the target cell

difference between water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones - -lipid-soluble can bind to
a receptor within the cell
-water-soluble has to bind to cell surface then wait to activate a secondary messenger
system to send original message w/in cell

responsiveness of target cell depends on... - Hormone's concentration
Abundance of target cell receptors

,Influence exerted by other hormones (permissive, synergistic and antagonistic effects)

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary - hGH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, tropic, FSH, LH, MSH

hGH (human growth hormone) - stimulates secretion of insulin-like factors that
stimulate body growth, metabolism, and protein synthesis

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - stimulates secretion from thyroid gland

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - -stimulates production of ova and sperm
-testes stimulate testosterone production

Luthenizing Hormone (LH) - -ovaries stimulate ovulation
-testes stimulate testosterone production

Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production by mammary glands of breasts

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete
glucocorticoids

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - anterior pituitary

tropic hormones - stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

posterior pituitary - -ADH and oxytocin
-does not synthesize hormones
-releases hormones made by hypothalamus

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the
hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood
and vasoconstriction of arterioles.

Oxytocin (OT) - Increases the contractions of the uterus during birth and promotes the
release of breast milk

Control of thyroid hormone secretion - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from
hypothalamus

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary

Situations that increase ATP demand also increase secretion of thyroid hormones

parathyroid glands - four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland

parathyroid hormone - A hormone of the parathyroid gland that regulates the
metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

,adrenal glands - -a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys
-adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex - outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol (glucocorticoid),
aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), and sex hormones (androgens)

adrenal medulla - secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

anterior pituitary cells - somatotrophs: hGH and IGF
thyrotrophs: TSH
gonadotrophs: FSH and LH
lactotrophs: PRL
corticotrophs: ACTH and MSH

anterior pituitary hypothalamus system - adenohypophysis

posterior pituitary hypothalamus system - neurohypophysis

difference between nervous system and endocrine system - -nervous system sends out
nerve impulses or neurotransmitters that have fast responses, brief effects, and acts on
a specific target
-endocrine system sends out hormones that have slower responses, effects last longer,
and can have a broader influence

Dwarfism - Condition caused by insufficient growth hormone in childhood

Gigantism - hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before
puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues

Acramegaly - abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction
of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

Cushing's syndrome - Too much cortisol, CRH, and ACTH

Addison's disease - Too little cortisol, CRH, and ACTH

Hypothyroidism - condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid
levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity

Cretinism - condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of
mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either
congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

Hyperthyroidism - overactivity of the thyroid gland

, Graves disease - hyperthyroidism that results in fish eyes

Eurthyroidism - results in goiters (typically around neck)

hyperadrenalism - overactivity of the adrenal glands

Hyperandrogenism - -Excessive production/secretion of androgens
-Pocket Hercules
-Bearded lady

Hypermineralocorticordism - too much aldosterone= sodium and water retention=
hypertension
hypokalemina= too little potassium

calcium homeostasis - Maintenance of a stable level of calcium in the blood

low calcium levels - Parathyroid gland secretes PTH, which stimulates osteoclasts to
break down bone, increasing calcium ions in bloodstream, and stimulating reabsorption
of calcium into kidneys

This will result in calcium levels rising to homeostatic level

high calcium levels - Thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, which stimulates kidneys to
excrete excess calcium ions into bloodstream, where osteoblasts will absorb excess
calcium back into the bones

This will result in calcium levels falling to homeostatic level

thyroid follicles - manufacture, store, and secrete thyroid hormones

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) - -Source: Thyroid (follicular cells)
-Type: Amino acid derivative
-Action: Stimulate metabolic activity

Parofollicular Cells - -C cells
-produce calcitonin (bone in)
-lowers Ca2+ by inhibiting bone resorption

differences between adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex - Adrenal medulla: only
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine due to ANS message (sympathetic response)

Adrenal cortex: secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens; does not
secrete hormones based off nervous system

pancreatic islets - -both an exocrine and an endocrine gland
-acinar cells and pancreatic islet cells

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