CBNS 150 FINAL TEST QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2024/2025
What are the major players of apoptosis? - ANSWERS- Bax
- Bcl2
- caspases
- cytochrome c
- APAF1
- Mitochondria
Who is considered "guardian of the genome"? - ANSWERSp53
Why does p53+/+ cells have a lower percent survival after x-irr...
What are the major players of apoptosis? - ANSWERS- Bax
- Bcl2
- caspases
- cytochrome c
- APAF1
- Mitochondria
Who is considered "guardian of the genome"? - ANSWERSp53
Why does p53+/+ cells have a lower percent survival after x-irradiation than p53-/- cells? -
ANSWERSApoptosis is induced by WT p53 in response to DNA damage
How many different types of cancer are there? - ANSWERSAbout as many as there are different types of
cells in the body, ~200
What are two common features to all types of cancer? - ANSWERS- Deregulation of cell proliferation
- Suppression of apoptosis
What are the discrete steps of apoptosis? - ANSWERS1. Cell shrinkage - condensation of cytoplasm,
chromatin compaction
2. Nuclear disintegration - DNA fragmentation
3. Blebbing - Apoptotic bodies
4. Phagocytosis
True/False: Apoptosis is a messy homicide. - ANSWERSFalse: apoptosis is a neat, tidy suicide
,True/False: Necrosis is a neat, tidy suicide. - ANSWERSFalse: necrosis is a messy homicide
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis? - ANSWERS- Apoptosis: cell compaction, no
inflammation, surrounding cells not affected
- Necrosis: Cell swelling, membrane disruption, lysis of the nucleus, inflammation
What proteins carry out apoptosis? - ANSWERSExecutioners
What regulates executioners? - ANSWERSProteases
What are the executioners of apoptosis? - ANSWERSCaspases
What are caspases responsible for? - ANSWERSCarry out the actual killing of the cell and burying the
evidence
True/False: Caspases are part of a large family of cysteine proteases. - ANSWERSTrue
True/False: Caspases cleave substrates at Asp-X bonds - ANSWERSTrue
What are the targets of caspases? - ANSWERS- Actin in cytoskeleton -> blebbing
- Lamins in nuclear matrix -> condensation of chromatin
True/False: Caspases also release Dnase I from actin - ANSWERSTrue
True/False: Caspases is synthesized in an active form as procaspases. - ANSWERSFalse: they are
synthesized in an inactive form
, True/False: Caspases is activated by protease cleavage into large and small subunits which then assemble
into tetramers - ANSWERSTrue
True/False: Initiator caspases lead to the amplification of executioner caspases - ANSWERSTrue
What two pathways activated apoptosis? - ANSWERS1. Extrinsic pathway - signal from outside
2. Intrinsic pathway - signal from inside
What regulates the extrinsic pathway? - ANSWERSCytokines
True/False: The initiator for extrinsic pathways is caspase 9 - ANSWERSFalse: initiator caspase 8
True/False: The initiator for intrinsic pathway is caspase 8 - ANSWERSFalse: Initiator caspase 9
Describe the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway - ANSWERS1. Signal: release of cytochrome C from
mitochondria
2. Cytochrome c binds to Apaf-1, resulting in aggregation and activation of caspase 9
3. Apaf-1, cytochrome c and caspase 9 make up the apoptosome
4. Activated caspase 9 initiates the apoptotic response by activating other caspases
What is apoptosome referred to? - ANSWERSWheel of death
Where is apoptosome assembled? - ANSWERSIn the cytosol when cytochrome c is releases from the
mitochondria and associates with Apaf-1
How is cytochrome c released from the mitochondria? - ANSWERSExact mechanism is not known but it
involves ion channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane which are formed by Bcl and Bax proteins
What are the ion channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane formed by? - ANSWERSBcl and Bax
protein
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