This document provides summaries for weeks 2 through 7, covering the articles assigned for the lectures and exam preparation. Some specific results and details are excluded, as they may not be essential for the exam. Please note that the summaries for weeks 8 and 9 are not included.
Article 2 – Zink (2021): A new era for executive function research: On the
transition from centralized to distributed executive functioning.......................7
Article 1 – Rofes (2019): Language processing from the perspective of electrical
stimulation mapping......................................................................................9
Article 2 – Rofes (2017): Mapping nouns and finite verbs in left hemisphere
tumors: a direct electrical stimulation study..................................................14
Article 1 – Elshout (2021): Congruent movement training as rehabilitation
method to ameliorate symptoms of neglect-proof of concept.........................17
Article 2 – van der Stigchel (2020): An embodied account of VWM..................21
Article 1 - King (2004): The hippocampal role in spatial memory and the
familiarity-recollection distinction: case study...............................................24
Article 2 – Corkin (2002): What’s new with the amnesic patient HM?...............28
Article 1- Dijkerman (2017): On Feeling and Reaching: Touch, Action, and Body
Space.......................................................................................................... 32
Article 2 – Moro (2023): A fronto-insular-parietal network for the sense of body
ownership.................................................................................................... 39
Week 7 – Normal and pathological ageing......................................................42
Article 1 – Turrini (2023): The multifactorial nature of healthy brain ageing:
Brain changes, functional decline and protective factors................................42
Article 2 – Li (2021): Influence of Cognitive Reserve on Cognitive Trajectories:
Role of Brain Pathologies..............................................................................48
Week 8 – Social cognition.............................................................................49
Article 1 – Alcala (2019): Building blocks of social cognition: Mirror, mentalize,
share?......................................................................................................... 49
Article 2 – Henry (2016): Clinical assessment of social cognitive function in
neurological disorders..................................................................................49
Week 9 – The next step.................................................................................49
,Literature Notes Advanced Neuropsychology 2024
Week 2 - Executive Functioning
Article 1 - Friedman (2022): The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control
and executive functioning
Abstract and Introduction
Concepts of cognitive control (CC) and executive function (EF) are defined in terms
of their relationships with goal-directed behavior versus habits and controlled versus
automatic processing and related to the functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and
related regions and networks.
This article explores CC and the relationship with the PFC, and associated neural
networks. It examines whether CC should be viewed as a unitary construct (unity) or
a set of distinct component processes (diversity). A psychometric approach shows
unity and diversity in CC constructs, with 3 components in the most commonly
studied constructs: general or common CC and components specific to mental set
shifting and working memory updating.
The article discusses how CC is measured, its neural substrates, and how it may be
influenced by environmental factors such as stress. It also explores the overlap
between CC and general intelligence and considers the clinical implications for
understanding personality traits and mental health disorders. Future research
directions aim to enhance the understanding of CC to address behavioral and
psychological issues effectively.
The paper integrates insights from neurobiology, including lesion studies,
neurochemistry, and neuroimaging, and discusses how CC is related to motivation
and response inhibition.
The article uses the Stroop interference task to illustrate how cognitive control (CC)
functions in resolving conflicts between competing responses.
- What: In this task, participants must name the color of the ink used to print
words, which often conflicts with the word's meaning (e.g., the word "RED"
printed in green ink).
- Result: This conflict activates the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), with the ACC detecting the conflict and
the dlPFC exerting top-down control to resolve it.
- Conclusion: This example highlights how specific PFC circuitry mediates CC
by biasing attention and resolving response conflicts. It supports the idea that
the PFC functions as a "multiple demand" system rather than a singular,
unitary entity, highlighting its diverse roles in cognitive control.
Psychologische Organisatie CC
PFC characteristic is the Neuroanatomical connectivity; allows the pfc to
participate in various neural networks, supporting diverse CC functions like goal
maintenance and task coordination. PFc depend on the specialized dendritic
branching and spine density (NL: stekeldichtheid) of pyramid cells.
,Literature Notes Advanced Neuropsychology 2024
Samenvatting anatomische richtingen:
Lateraal: Aan de zijkant.
Bijv. de laterale prefrontale cortex ligt aan de zijkant van de frontale
lobben.
Mediaal: In het midden of naar het midden toe.
Bijv. mediale prefrontale cortex bevindt zich aan de binnenzijde van de
frontale lobben, dicht bij het midden van de hersenen.
Dorsaal: Aan de bovenkant of rugzijde.
De dorsale gebieden bevinden zich hoger in de hersenen, zoals de
dorsolaterale prefrontale cortex (DLPFC).
Ventraal: Aan de onderkant of buikzijde.
De ventrale gebieden liggen aan de onderzijde van de hersenen, zoals
de ventromediale prefrontale cortex (VMPFC).
Rostraal: Naar de voorkant toe.
De rostrale gebieden bevinden zich dichter bij de neus of het
voorhoofd.
Caudaal: Naar de achterkant toe.
De caudale gebieden liggen meer naar de achterkant van de hersenen.
Anterieur: Naar de voorkant toe.
Synoniem voor rostraal.
Posterieur: Naar de achterkant toe.
Synoniem voor caudaal.
Inferieur: Onder of lager gelegen.
Bijv de inferieure pariëtale lob ligt onder het bovenste gedeelte van de
pariëtale lob.
Superieur: Boven of hoger gelegen.
Bijv de superieure temporale gyrus ligt boven in de temporale lob.
, Literature Notes Advanced Neuropsychology 2024
Unity and Diversity in CC: The concept of "unity and diversity" in CC is explored
through psychometric studies, showing that while different CC tasks exhibit low
correlations, they share common underlying processes. Studies by Miyake et al.
highlight that CC involves both common and distinct components, such as inhibiting
responses, updating working memory, and shifting mental sets.
Studie by Miyake and Friedman
Studie by Miyake: They conducted a study with college students, administering a
range of tasks designed to assess three core CC abilities: inhibiting prepotent
responses, updating working memory, and shifting between mental sets. By
using multiple tasks for each ability, they extracted latent variables representing the
common variance among tasks for each ability. They then analyzed the relationships
among these latent variables to understand how these different aspects of CC are
interconnected and whether they represent a unified construct or distinct
components.
Latent variable approaches have revealed that CC exhibits both unity and diversity
across different samples and ages. In Miyake's model, "unity" is captured by a
general executive function (EF) latent variable that influences all tasks, meaning this
factor accounts for the similarities between the tasks. "Diversity" is captured by
specific factors for certain functions, such as updating information and shifting tasks,
which describe the unique variations among these tasks.
No separate inhibition-specific factor was extracted because the general EF factor
already accounted for all the variations among tasks that measure inhibition. In other
words, the general EF factor covered the differences between inhibition tasks, so a
distinct factor for inhibition was not needed.
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