problems with urination (altered amount) - ️️oliguria - less than 30 ml in one hour
-small amount, >500 a day
anuria - less than 100 ml in 24 hours
-without urine
polyuria- greater than 2,000 ml in 24 hours
-excessive urine
characteristics of urine - ️️VOLUME-it's a #, ml or oz
-b...
NSC 232 exam 2
problems with urination (altered amount) - ✔️✔️oliguria - less than 30 ml in one hour
-small amount, >500 a day
anuria - less than 100 ml in 24 hours
-without urine
polyuria- greater than 2,000 ml in 24 hours
-excessive urine
characteristics of urine - ✔️✔️VOLUME-it's a #, ml or oz
-balances what they take in
COLOR, CLARITY - normal = light yellow, clarity = clean
ODOR- no distinctive smell
-poor odor - infection
-diabetic-fruity
STERILITY-urine is sterile
how to prevent UTI - ✔️✔️6-8 glasses of water/day
pee every 2-4 hrs
avoid bubble baths and tight clothes
cotton rather than nylon
wipe front to back
take showers
problems with urination (retention) - ✔️✔️retention - when they pee but are still
retaining urine beyond that
-blocking normal urine flow
-obstruction of urethra
Process of micturition - ✔️✔️1. urine collects in bladder
2. pressure stimulates special stretch receptors in bladder wall
3. stretch receptors transmit impulses to spinal cord voiding reflex center
4. internal sphincter relaxes, stimulating the urge to void
5. If appropriate, the conscious portion of the brain relaxes the external urethral
sphincter muscle
6. urine eliminated the urethra
Factors affecting urinary elimination - ✔️✔️life style factors - alcohol, exercise, diet
psychosocial
activity/exercise
developmental factors - old, young issues
physiological factors - may need a device
, characteristics of urine continued - ✔️✔️pH - 4.5 -8.0 (acidic most in mornings)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY- (1.010 - 1.025) tells how well kidneys are concentrating urine
GLUCOSE -shouldnt have any
KETONE BODIES- no ketones (it's the breakdown of fatty acids)
BLOOD- shouldn't have any, if there is it may be bc of infection or kidney stones
Problems with urination (dysuria) - ✔️✔️dysuria- painful or difficult urination
-UTI, kidney infection
problems with urination (enuresis) - ✔️✔️enuresis- involuntary urination, especially at
night (common in kids)
problems with urination (urinary obstruction) - ✔️✔️Kidney stones
Sludge (mucous, sediment in kidneys to ureter)
Swelling
Physiology of urinary elimination - ✔️✔️-void, urinatinon, micturition
-volume of 250-450 ml pressure rises
-cerebral cortex is the final control
problems with urination (UTI) - ✔️✔️urinary tract infection
frequency, small amounts, burning, cloudy, pelvic pain (MADI LITTLE)
problems with urination (urinary incontinence) - ✔️✔️urinary incontinence - loss of
urine, involuntarily
-leaking, problem with the sphincter
problems with urination (urinary diversion) - ✔️✔️surgical way of rerouting urine from
it's normal pathway
-used for diseased or defected urthrea, bladders or ureters
urinary problems (continued) urinary incontinence - ✔️✔️urinary incontinence
characteristics:
stress incontinence - laughing, sneezing
urge incontinence - UTI
total incontinence - spinchter doesn't hold urine well, leaks a lot
related factors to urinary problems - ✔️✔️muscle function
bladder infection
impaired ability?
environmental barriers
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