ATSC 113 Final Exam Questions and Answers All Correct
7 views 0 purchase
Course
ATSC 113
Institution
ATSC 113
ATSC 113 Final Exam Questions and Answers All Correct
What do snowcats do? - Answer- Churns, tills, compacts top 10-15cm of snow increasing snow density & hardness
It is best to let piste harden for ____ - Answer- harden for max time (right after closing).
Hardening is fastest when snow T i...
ATSC 113 Final Exam Questions
and Answers All Correct
What do snowcats do? - Answer- Churns, tills, compacts top 10-15cm of snow
increasing snow density & hardness
It is best to let piste harden for ____ - Answer- harden for max time (right after closing).
Hardening is fastest when snow T is closest to 0C
More effective to maintain piste when snow is more dense
How do you harden the piste for racing? - Answer- 1. Snow cats are used to compact
the surface.
2. Man-made snow w/ higher density is used (much smaller & rounded crystals pack
closely).
3. Water may be injected increasing density & hardness. This is best done overnight
during clear sky & cold temp.
4. Mixing salt/fertilizer w/ liq content lowers melting point -> decreases overall
surrounding snow T. After salt-water solution becomes weaker -> melting point
increases and snow refreezes
Katabatic winds - Answer- Downslope movement of air in the absence of large-scale
wind flows. This leads to cold air pooling in the valley.
Cold air pooling may strengthen T inversion
This can last beyond sunrise (takes hrs to dissipate)
Can persist for multiple days
Diurnal slope flow - Answer- Induced by thermal changes as a result of sun heating &
cooling. Most pronounced under high P w/ fair weather.
During radiative heating of day, warm air travels up the Mt side (not vertically) ->
anabatic wind.
As air reaches Mt top, it rises vertically, may form anabatic cumulus w/ enough
moisture.
When sun is strong, as air rises, air descends to replace the space and so on = return
flow. This may dissipate valley fog/ T inversion. *also katabatic winds.
Marine clouds & fog vs Freezing fog - Answer- Marine clouds & fog: move in from
ocean, vertically trapped by a stable layer, some combination of advection & radiation
fog.
Freezing fog: when valley fog forms at T below freezing. Supercooled droplets may form
rime ice.
,Arctic outflow - Answer- Arctic airmass comes from arctic in cold, clear high -P system.
Blows S by Northerly/Northeasterly winds
This cold, dense, shallow air piles up East of Rockies and flows via valleys
Cold fronts that bring arctic airmass from N are arctic fronts
This leads to strong T & P gradients on the Eastern side of Southern coast Mt, P
gradient forces cold air out (gap wind)
Describe Aspect effects - Answer- Southerly aspect = sunny
Northerly = shady
Wet & heavy snow on S & W aspects (wet sluff/slab)
You find crust (refreezing) S & W, but not in N & E
Even when air T above freezing, snow may be below freezing on N aspect -> good
powder (but faceting, surface hoar, persistent weak layer may occur)
During winter, sun hits S-facing slopes more (S > E&W > N)
E & SE get more sun in the morning (coldest) while W & SW get more sun in the
afternoon (warmest)
What are 3 factors affecting wave formation? - Answer- Fetch: distance over water wind
can blow
Duration: amount of time wind blows
Wind velocity
Greater wind velocity-> longer fetch, greater duration-> bigger wave (but if wind speed
slow, waves are small regardless of fetch/duration).
Wave steepness - Answer- Wave height/λ
Confused Sea - Answer- Waves from storm centre may combine w/ others -> large &
small waves of varying λ in dif. direction.
League of Legends Joke 3 - Answer- Q: Why was Caitlyn pulled over on the highway?
A: She was going AD miles per hour.
Wave trains - Answer- waves of different size & velocity dispersing from storm.
Waves move through the group from rear -> front, first gaining in size, shrinking as they
approach the front, then disappearing w/ new waves at the rear (small front & rear, large
mid)
Group velocity - Answer- Velocity at which one group of waves travel
Apparent speed of individual wave is phase velocity (typically twice the group V)
Capillary waves - Answer- Generated by small winds.
Has short λ and surface tension is the restoring force (few cm)
Swell - Answer- Waves that originate from distant sources (storms far away)
Gravity waves that originate from heavy winds capable of travelling far w/ little energy
loss
, Swells w/ longer λ have low height & less susceptible to decay from surface wind
Swell travels shortest distance across Earth's surface
Strong winds on top of swell can create chop/confused sea. Onshore winds(ocean-
>shore) creates chop on incoming swell & reduces wave steepness while offshore wind
slows approaching wave speed smoothing the wave before breaking
Rogue waves - Answer- Occur due to constructive interference carrying high energy but
temporary.
unusually high wave height, rise out of no where, disappears quickly.
Tsunami - Answer- Very long λ waves from seismic events (i.e. earthquakes), λ can be
>200km w/ long wave period, in open ocean they travel fast, but small amp, when near
continental shelf, the wave height increases dramatically.
Swell refraction - Answer- As the swell hits the shallower part the rest of the wave starts
to curve such that wave becomes more parallel to the shoreline.
Swells w/ longer wave periods refract more.
Swell decay - Answer- Process of waves losing energy as they travel from initial
sources. Affected by winds, currents, other waves, etc.
Steeper waves w/ shorter wave periods decay more rapidly
Swells w/ long wave periods and small wave steepness travel w/ little attenuation
When wave steepness is larger than __ , the wave becomes unstable and breaks. -
Answer- 1:7.
As wave drags across ocean floor, λ decreases -> following waves build up behind ->
as λ decreases wave energy is transferred upward -> increased wave height.
What are different types of breakers? - Answer- Spilling: gentle sloping, waves break
long & slow, losing energy as white water spills from the crest
Plunging: moderate-steep bottoms, wave becomes steeper than spilling breakers &
crest falls as a well-defined curl falling fwd w/ a lot of energy
Swinging: long period & low amp wave approaching steep shore, no spill/curl builds up,
slides rapidly up the beach w/ less foam
Tides - Answer- Movement of ocean surface up & down due to g pull of moon & sun
(typically 2 full tide cycles per day)
New moon: moon & sun aligned -> greater pulling -> higher high & lower low tides =
spring tide
Full moon: moon on the opp side of earth from sun
Quarter moon: sun & moon right angle -> opposing forces attenuate each other -> weak
neap tide opp of spring tide
*Tidal range = dif btw highest & lowest tides
Currents - Answer- horizontal movement of water created by rising of tides.
Flood (incoming) & ebb (outgoing)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Scholarsstudyguide. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R252,27. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
