These notes are an 8-page summary of MBY161 themes 13,14 and 15. They provide a detailed but concise overview of the lecture notes with colour images to aid understanding. They were written by a student who obtained a distinction in the module.
Theme 13,14,15
Feeding
Chemoheterotrophs – use organic chemical substances as main source of energy and organic
compounds are main source of carbon
Photoautotrophs – synthesize own food from inorganic substances using light as source of
energy
Taxonomy
Science of classificaDon and arranging organisms into a hierarchy based on shared
characterisDcs
Nomenclature – process of giving names to things, following a published set of rules
(ICNafp) / rules must be followed for name to be valid / Binomial naming system
CircumscripDon – charactering individuals / Defines what a species is / Morphological
species concept: is two strains look the same they are the same species / PhylogeneDc
species concept: if two strains have the same DNA they are the same species
ClassificaDon (systemaDcs) – group individuals into a hierarchy based on shared
characterisDcs
Fungi
Mycology – study of fungi
VegetaDve fungi – colonies of fungi are vegetaDve as they compose of cells involved in
catabolism and growth
Molds and fleshy fungi
Thallus (body) consists of fleshy filaments (hyphae) joined together
Hyphae can grow to immense sizes
Septate hyphae – fungi containing septae (septum) that separate fungi into uninucleate cell
like units
Coenocyte hyphae – contain no septae and are thus one long filament with many nuclei
(septate hyphae with openings in septum allowing cytoplasm of adjoining units to link are
coenocyte)
Hyphae grow by elongaDng at Dp – any part of hyphae can grow or break off and form new
hyphae
VegetaDve hypha – part of the hyphae that contains nutrients (forms a mycelium visible to
unaided eye when condiDons are suitable)
Aerial / reproducDve hypha – extends off of medium and is concerned with reproducDon
(contains reproducDve spores)
Yeasts
Non-filamentous unicellular fungi
Reproduce by budding
Budding yeasts divide unevenly – bud forms on surface of parent cell, nucleus of aprent cell
divides and enters into bud as it grows – cell wall material is placed between parent and bud
then bud breaks away
Pseudohypahe – chain that forms when buds fail to detach from parent (can be used to
invade deeper into human Dssue)
, Fission yeasts – divide evenly to form 2 offspring. The parent cell elongates, its nucleus
divides and two offspring are produced
Yeasts in presence of oxygen – metabolize carbohydrates into Carbon dioxide and water
Yeasts in absence of oxygen – ferment carbhohydrates into Carbon Dioxide and ethanol
(brewing, wine-making and baking)
Dimorphic fungi
Two forms of growth – mold or yeast like
Mold like – vegetaDve and aerial hyphae (25 degrees Celsius) (more CO2)
Yeast like – reproduce by budding (37 degrees Celsius)
Appearance and type of growth depends on CO2
Life cycle
Filamentous fungi can reproduce by fragmentaDon of hyphae
Sexual and asexual reproducDon occurs by formaDon of spores
Spore type used to idenDfy fungi
BACTERIAL endospores – used to survive adverse environmental condiDons / one vegetaDve
bacterial cell forms one endospore which in turn germinates to form one vegetaDve
bacterial cell (not reproducDon as it doesn’t increase number of bacterial cells)
FUNGAL spores – true reproducDve spores, can survive extended dry to hoy periods but
don’t show same tolerance as bacterial endospores
Aerial hyphae form spores in different ways dependant on species
o Asexual spores (anamorphic state) – form from one organism and offspring are
geneDcally idenDcal to parent when they germinate
o Sexual spores (teleomorphic state) -form from fusion of nuclei of two opposite
maDng strains of same fungal species (made less oben)/ offspring have geneDc
characterisDc of both parental organisms
Types of asexual spores
Phases of sexual reproducDon in fungi
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