NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam Questions And Correct Solutions New Update (A+ Pass)
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NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam Questions And Correct Solutions New Update (A+ Pass)
Which are cellular etiologic agents of infectious disease? - Answers - Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms)
Which are a-cellular etiologic agents of infectious disease? - Answers - Viruses and prions
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NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam
Questions Correct Solutions New
Update (A+ Pass)
Which are cellular etiologic agents of infectious disease? - Answers -✔✔ Bacteria,
fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms)
Which are a-cellular etiologic agents of infectious disease? - Answers -✔✔ Viruses and
prions
Which groups of microorganisms are eukaryotic/prokaryotic? - Answers -✔✔
Eukaryotic: fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms)
Prokaryotae: bacteria
Name major differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. - Answers -✔✔
Eukaryotic cell: True nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear, complex structure,
larger, (Plants and fungi have cell walls) Prokaryotic cell: Nucleoid, cell wall, no
membrane bound organelles, circular DNA, flagellum
What order of magnitude is the size of a bacterium? - Answers -✔✔ 10^-6 or 1-10
micro meters
What is the structure and function of glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, pili?" - Answers -
✔✔ Glycocalyces: polysaccharides, or polysaccharides mixed with proteins
Flagella: protein
Fimbriae: short proteins
Pili: protein tubes
Which of these structures are known virulence factors? - Answers -✔✔
Glycocalyx/capsule
Which structures contribute to biofilm formation? - Answers -✔✔ Glycocalyx (slime
layer), fimbrae
Name the various types of flagella arrangements that can be used to identify bacteria. -
Answers -✔✔ Monotrichous (one), amphitrichous (one on both ends), lophotrichous
(tuft), peritrichous (360 degrees)
Which stain makes glycocalyces/capsules visible in the microscope? - Answers -✔✔
Negative stain
How do spirochetes move? - Answers -✔✔ Corkscrew motion
, Name the major components of a gram-positive/gram-negative cell wall. What is the
appearance of gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria? - Answers -✔✔ Gram positive
cell wall: Thick layer of peptidoglycan, containing unique polyalcohols called teichoic
acids. Gram stain appearance is purple. Gram negative cell walls: Thin layer of
peptidoglycan, with an outer membrane containing proteins, and lippolysaccharides.
Produce endotoxins, and appear pink with the Gram stain. The endo toxin is a lipid A
molecule embedded in the outer membrane.
What are the structural features used for identification of bacteria? - Answers -✔✔
Arrangement of flagella, capsule, shape and arrangement of cells, gram stain,
endospores, inclusions, and specific stains
What is the clinical importance of the difference between gram-positive and gram-
negative bacteria? - Answers -✔✔ Gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins (lipid A
of lipopolysaccharides), released when cells die. Some gram positive (and a few gram
negative bacteria) produce exotoxins, which are released by living cells; some exotoxins
cause very severe symptoms. Gram positive bacteria are susceptible to lysozyme and
antibiotics that interfere with cell-wall biosynthesis, e.g. penicillin, while gram negative b
acteria are more resistant to lysozyme and penicillin and similar antibiotics
For which types of bacteria is the acid-fast stain used? Why is it needed? - Answers -
✔✔ Organisms with a cell wall that is rich in lipids and waxes. The two general that are
acid fast include Mycobacterium and nocardia. The acid fast stain is used because the
walls are relatively impermeable, so heat is used to drive the stain into the cell wall. The
impermeable wall also makes these organisms resilient to disinfectants.
How are cytoplasmic membranes of prokaryotes different from those of eukaryotes? -
Answers -✔✔ There's no cholesterol in the prokaryotic (bacteria) membranes
Know the fundamental principles of metabolism (terminology, energy, redox) - Answers
-✔✔ Metabolism: Sum of all biochemical reactions (in a cell or organism)
Anabolism: Sum of all biosynthetic reactions Catabolism: Sum of all degradative
reactions Catabolic pathways are oxidative and yield ATP Anabolic pathways are
reductive and require ATP
What gets recycled in fermentation for and for what purpose? - Answers -✔✔ NADH (to
NAD+) for glycolysis
Aerobic respiration - Answers -✔✔ Glycolysis-- Krebs cycle-- ETC-- Final product is O2
Produces 30-32 ATP
Fermentation - Answers -✔✔ Pyruvic acid goes to cori/lactic acid cycle instead of krebs
cycle-- final product is lactic acid
Produces 2 ATP
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