imaging techniques - ️️- Postion Emission, PET (Positron Emission Tomography
Scan, Radioactive glucose (sugar)
- MRI: Studies brain anatomy
-fMRI (functional MRI): Studies brain function
Wilhelm Wundt () - ️️set up the first psychological laboratory in an
apartment near the university ...
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) - ✔️✔️set up the first psychological laboratory in an
apartment near the university at Leipzig, Germany; trained subjects in introspection.
Subjects were asked to accurately record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli
cognitive neuroscience - ✔️✔️- The study of neural mechanism underlying the brain
- Methods based on premise that cognitive neuroscience or mental state consists of a
pattern of activity distributed over neurons
Tools used in cognitive neuroscience - ✔️✔️- EEG & MEG, Optical dyes, TMS, fMRI,
Single unit, Patch Clamp, Multi unit recording, light Microscopy, PET, Micro lesions, 2-
Deoxyglucose
Neurophysiology - ✔️✔️- Explains the workings of the nervous system
EEG (electroencephalogram) - ✔️✔️- Uses surface electrodes to record the activity of
underlying brain tissue
ERP (event-related potential) - ✔️✔️- Averaging across repeated stimuli allows event-
related activity to be identified
- New applications: BCI (Brain-computer interface)
- Usually labeled by polarity and latency, P300, P3 (???)
EEG vs ERP - ✔️✔️- Similar to EEG, but not related to an event (a task)
eg. making a decision, reading a word
- In ERP uV is small in relation to the EEG in relation to the EEG (about 50 uv) (???)
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) - ✔️✔️• Studies:
TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) (new lesion studies) - ✔️✔️- Temp "lesion"
(disruption)
- Vary Magnetic Field:
•electrical current w/ in any volume where it passes
• Hyper or Hypo
- "Virtual lesions" future of TMS
G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924) - ✔️✔️American psychologist. Established the first
psychology research laboratory in the United States. Founded the American
Psychological Association.
American, was under Wilhelm Wundt
- 1883 - 1st American lab @ John Hopkins
- 1887 - 1st American psych journal
- 1892 - American Psychiatric Association founded
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - ✔️✔️founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory
about the workings of the unconscious mind
Austrian psychologist came up with psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalysis - explains personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on
the unconscious
- The unconscious - Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the
surface of conscious awareness, but are a great influence on behavior
- Psychoanalytic Method (More detailed explanation) :
development is primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. behavior is
merely a surface characteristic. it is important to analyze the symbolic meaning of
behavior. early experience is important to development
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