,QUESTION 1: SHORT QUESTIONS:
1.1 From your study of this module, what do you
understand by term ‘critical reasoning’? [3-4
sentences] (2 marks)
1.2 Describe briefly [3-4 sentences] the difference
between the ‘modus ponens’ and ‘modus
tollens’ arguments? Give one example for each of the
fallacies in the following format:
if P then Q,
P
Therefore Q (4 marks)
1.3 What is the difference between a premise and a
conclusion of an argument? Give an
example of an argument in which you can show where
the premise(s) and the conclusion
are. (4 marks)
,1.4 State the kind of writing found in each of the
following statements:
1.4.1 “Construct and label a truth-table to test the
validity and soundness of the arguments
provided below.” (2 marks)
1.4.2 “Well, I think what it comes down to is this”, says
Vusi. “Either you allow the police to use
whatever force they find necessary, or the criminals will
take over this country. Now you
certainly don’t want that to happen, do you?” (2 marks)
1.5 What kind of definitions are in each of the following
statements?
1.5.1 ‘Diffident’ means lacking confidence in oneself;
characterised by modest reserve. (2 marks)
1.5.2 A ‘politician’ is a person of unquestioned honesty
and integrity whom the people in their
collective wisdom, have duly elected to guide the ship of
state and protect it from the reefs
and shoals that threaten it on every side. (2 marks)
, 1.6 State whether the following pieces of writings are
grammatical sentences or logical
propositions (statements).
1.6.1 Aluminium is attacked by hydrochloric acid. (2
marks)
1.6.2 Let’s go to the park today! (2 marks)
1.6.3 What is the atomic weight of carbon? (2 marks)
1.6.4 South Africa is an African country. (2 marks)
1.6.5 Turn to the left at the next corner! (2 marks)
1.7 Identify a conclusion in each of the following
arguments:
1.7.1 Some metals are rare and costly substances, but no
welder’s materials are nonmetals;
hence some welder’s materials are rare and costly
substances. (2 marks)
1.7.2 Total pacifism might be a good principle if everyone
were to follow it. But not everyone
does. So, it isn’t. (2 marks)
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