PCB 3063 Genetics Exam 1 Dr. Zhang
Why is genetics important? - ✔️✔️Individual: health, unique traits, happiness/ suffering
Society: population, food, nutrition, medicine, stability
Biology: understand life, improve of life of ourselves, others ( plants, animals, microbes),
evolution
Thomas Hunt Morgan - ✔️✔️Established fruit flies as a model for studying transmission
genetics in the early 1900s.
Why is genetics useful/cool? - ✔️✔️Affects how you, feel, behave, interact etc.
How long you may live and what diseases you may have or will have
Helps understand life, our planet Earth and environment, build a better future
Is homosexuality genetic? - ✔️✔️No; it is epigenetic
Why is there familial resemblance? - ✔️✔️Shared similar genes
What Genetics - ✔️✔️the science of genes (DNA), heredity,
and variation in living organisms
are the roles of genetics in biology? - ✔️✔️Life on Earth evolved from the same
ancestors, 3.5-4 bya
All organisms share similar genetic systems
All cells use double-stranded DNA as the genetic material
Viruses have genes composed of either RNA or DNA, but not both
Gene structure, regulation and organization vary vastly among life forms
Central Dogma - ✔️✔️DNA(Replication)- MRNA(transcription)-Protein(Translation)
Reverse Transcription - ✔️✔️MRNA to DNA
Model Genetic Organism Characteristics - ✔️✔️Have been studied extensively
because of being especially suitable for research
Short generation time
Significant number of progeny (offspring)
Adapt well to the laboratory environment
Easy and cheap to care for and propagate
Escherichia Coli - ✔️✔️Prokaryote; Lives in the gut of humans and other mammals
Caenorhabditis elegans - ✔️✔️Nematode; Worm commonly found in soil for studies of
development and cell differentiation
Drosophila Melanogaster - ✔️✔️Fruit fly; used for over 100 years of genetic studies.
Many human genes were first identified by their counterparts in Drosophila
Apis mellifera - ✔️✔️Honey bee; model for studies of communication, behavior,
neurology ecology and evolution.
Danio rerio - ✔️✔️Zebrafish; A model system for studying development, leading to
better understanding of human conditions.
Mus musculus - ✔️✔️House mouse; sacrificed for humans, mammalian model
organism
Gregor Mendel - ✔️✔️Published his studies using pea plants in 1866, studies were
rediscovered in 1900, Revealed the principles of heredity, founder of modern genetics
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri - ✔️✔️showed that heredity (gene) is located on
chromosomes in 1902
1940s - ✔️✔️Began to uncover organization, structure and function of genes of
bacteria and viruses. Demonstrated DNA is genetic material.
1950s - ✔️✔️Double Helix structure of DNA discovered by Watson and Crick
1960s - ✔️✔️Genetic code was deciphered. 3-letter codes on mRNA from DNA.
Worked out the basic principles of translation (mRNA to protein) Solved the mystery of
how DNA directs protein synthesis.
From 1970s - ✔️✔️Recombinant DNA technology revolutionized genetics. DNA
cloning-make/modify DNA in test tubes and DNA sequencing- determine the base
(ATCG) order
This Century - ✔️✔️New knowledge of how genes work. MicroRNA/siRNA,
epigenetics, stem cells and human diseases, CRISPR, genomic editing.
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