Human Development correct answers the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time
Nature-Nurture Issues correct answers the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences and experiential or environmental influences determine the kind of person you are
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Psychology 2314 || with 100% Verified Solutions.
Human Development correct answers the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how
they remain the same over time
Nature-Nurture Issues correct answers the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences and
experiential or environmental influences determine the kind of person you are
Continuity-Discontinuity Issue correct answers whether a particular developmental phenomenon
represents a smooth progression throughout the life span or a series of abrupt shifts
universal vs. context specific correct answers whether there is just one path of development or
several paths
biopsychosocial framework correct answers a useful way to organize the biological,
psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces on human development
neuroscience correct answers the study of the brain and the nervous system, especially in terms
of brain-behavior relationships
theory correct answers an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development
psychodynamic theory correct answers theories proposing that development is largely
determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages
psychosocial theory correct answers Erikson's proposal that personality development is
determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands
epigenetic principle correct answers in Erikson's theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength
has its own special period of particular importance
operant conditioning correct answers learning paradigm in which the consequences of a behavior
determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future
reinforcement correct answers a consequence that increase the future likelihood of the behavior
that it follows
punishment correct answers a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior
that it follows
imitation or observational learning correct answers learning that occurs by simply watching how
others behave
self-efficacy correct answers people's beliefs about their own abilities and talents
,cognitive-developmental theory correct answers three distinct approaches: 1. thinking develops
in a universal sequence of stages (Piaget) 2. people process information as computers do
(information processing theory) 3. emphasizes contributions of culture on cognitive growth
information-processing theory correct answers theory proposing that human cognition consists of
mental hardware and mental software
Vygotsky's theory correct answers children's thinking does not develop in a vacuum but rather is
influenced by the sociocultural context in which children grow up
ecological theory correct answers theory based on the idea that human development is
inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops
Bronfenbrenners correct answers developing person embedded in a series of complex and
interactive systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
microsystem correct answers consists of the people and objects in an individual's immediate
environment
mesosystem correct answers provides connections across microsystem
exosystem correct answers social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still
influence development
macrosystem correct answers the cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem,
mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded
competence correct answers a person's abilities
environmental press correct answers demands put on people by the environment
life-span perspective correct answers view that human development is multiply determined and
cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework
multidirectionality correct answers development involves both growth and decline, as people
grow in one area they may lose in another and at different rates
plasticity correct answers one's capacity is not predetermined or carved in stone
historical contexts correct answers particular set of circumstances determined by the historical
time
multiple causation correct answers how we develop results from the forces of the
biopsychosocial framework
,selective optimization with compensation correct answers model in which three processes
(selection, optimization, and compensation) form a system of behavioral action that generates
and regulates development and aging, Paul Baltes
life course perspective correct answers describes the ways in which various generations
experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their
respective historical contexts
Three major dimensions that underlie the life-course perspective correct answers the individual
timing of life events in relation to external historical events; the synchronization of individual
transitions with collective familial ones, the impact of earlier life events, as shaped by historical
events, on subsequent ones
systematic observation correct answers watching people and carefully recording what they do or
say
naturalistic observation correct answers technique in which people are observed as they behave
spontaneously in some real-life situation
structured observation correct answers technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is
likely to elicit the behavior of interest
self-reports correct answers people's answers to questions about the topic of interest
reliability correct answers the reliability of a measure is the extent to which it provides a
consistent index of a characteristic
validity correct answers the validity of a measure refers to whether it really measures what
researchers think it measures
populations correct answers broad groups of people that are of interest to researchers
sample correct answers a subset of the population
correlational study correct answers investigation looking at relations between variables as they
exist naturally in the world
correlation coefficient correct answers an expression of the strength and direction of a relation
between two variables
experiment correct answers systematic way of manipulating the key factors that the investigator
thinks causes a particular behavior
independent variable correct answers the factor being manipulated
dependent variable correct answers the behavior being observed
, qualitative research correct answers method that involves gaining in-depth understanding of
human behavior and what governs it
longitudinal study correct answers longitudinal study research design in which the same
individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives.
cross-sectional study correct answers study in which developmental differences are identified by
testing people of different ages
cohort effects correct answers problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences
between age groups (cohorts) may result as easily from environmental events as from
developmental processes
sequential design correct answers developmental research design based on cross-sectional and
longitudinal designs
meta-analysis correct answers allows researchers to synthesize the results of many quantitative
studies to estimate actual relations between variables.
ethical procedures of research correct answers selecting methods that preserve the rights of
research participants, minimize risk to participants, describe research for informed decisions,
keep results anonymous
chromosomes correct answers threadlike structure in the nuclei of cell that contain genetic
material
autosomes correct answers the first 22 pairs of chromosomes
sex chromosomes correct answers the 23rd pair of chromosomes; these determine the sex of the
child
deoxyribonucleic acid correct answers molecule composed of four nucleotide bases that is the
biochemical basis of heredity
gene correct answers group of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) that
provides a specific set of biochemical instructions
phenotype correct answers physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the
interaction between one's genes and the environment
alleles correct answers variation of genes on chromosomes
homozygous correct answers when the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same
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