Psychology 203 Final Exam University of Calgary || with
100% Error-free Solutions.
What are some of the current challenges of life? correct answers Personal choices, careers, your
purpose, how to achieve what you want.
What is the sense or search for direction in people? correct answers They desire self realization;
wanting something to believe in. Also, they search for quick answers to give themselves
direction.
What are some issues with self help books? correct answers They often consist of psychobabble;
containing vague and meaningless talk. The advice is usually not based off of scientific research;
thus not proven. They don't give direction for how to change behaviour, instead they focus on the
person and don't take situations into consideration.
What is psychology defined as? correct answers It is a science which studies the behaviour and
mental processes.
How is psychology a science? correct answers It follows the scientific method.
Empiricism: the knowledge comes from systematic observation.
Theory development: collecting related data and observations that predict, explain, and describe
experimental processes.
What is a confound variable? correct answers The variable which isn't in interest but acts as a
systematic difference between the group to validate findings.
What are some advantages of the psychology experiment? correct answers It is clear, precise,
less error, and allows us to create cause and effect conclusions.
What are some disadvantages of the psychology experiment? correct answers Some variables
can't be manipulated due to ethical concern, or practical realities. The applicability to the real
world and its relevance is sometimes questioned.
What do descriptive research methods have in common? correct answers The direct independent
variable isn't listed, can't infer cause/effect, their goals show what happens in the real world
through this research method.
Descriptive research method 1: Naturalistic Observation correct answers Watching people in
their natural environment, because when people know they're being watched they change their
behaviour. The objectivity part states that the researcher's bias effects what they interpret from
what they watch.
Descriptive research method 2: Descriptive Research correct answers Case study; in depth
research of one person. Also surveys. Correlation (r) research involves the attempt to figure out
,whether there is a relation between two variables; so when one inc other dec. If the correlation is
+1 or close to it, it's a strong pos relationship, if -1 then strong neg relationship.
What does statistical analysis state? correct answers That the results we obtain depend on the
size of the difference and the number of participants. There are differences between the
significant and the real world significance as there may be no practical/realistic significance in
our lives.
What is the SQ3R technique? correct answers An active processing method: Survey, question,
read, recite, and review.
How can you improve your academic performance? correct answers Use active processing
(SQ3R), distributed practice (more practice), organization (makes connections, stores info
better), deep process the info (think about the meaning), using mnemonic devices (acronyms,
rhymes,etc).
What is personality? correct answers A combination of behaviours, emotions, thoughts that are
displayed by people in certain situations over time.
What theories have been placed to determine the source of our personalities? correct answers
Psychoanalytic, behavioural, trait, and biological.
What do psychoanalytic theories focus on? correct answers Our unconscious processes that make
way for our daily behaviour.
Which theory did Sigmund Freud focus on? correct answers The psychoanalytic theory
What are Freud's ranked levels of mental like? correct answers The conscious level (ego- our
normal awareness), preconscious level (superego- can be brought to consciousness easily), and
our unconscious level (id-our hidden thoughts and desires).
What is the "id" part of our unconscious level? correct answers Similar to the devil on the
shoulder, it is home to our sexual and aggressive drives, holds the pleasure principle, less moral
reasoning, less response to temptation.
What is the pleasure principle? correct answers A desire for instinct gratification(pleasure)
without regard of consequences.
What is the superego part of our preconscious level? correct answers Similar to the angel on the
shoulder, develops in childhood, considers morality, dictated by the ego idea (best person can
be), opposite of the id.
What is the ego part of our conscious/preconscious level? correct answers Develops before our
superego, it's a reference between the id and superego. It is governed by the reality principle.
, What is the reality principle? correct answers An attempt to satisfy needs in realistic ways
keeping in mind potential consequences.
Personality development is: correct answers Us going through 5 psychosexual stages (according
to Freud). Each of these stages have erogenous zones, and developmental tests. If you fail to pass
through these stages, it causes you to come back to the stage when stressed. We will continue to
move through the stages, but will come back to a specific one when stressed.
Oral stage correct answers (birth-2yrs) when there is pleasure in the mouth. When adults are
stressed, they will do something using their mouth (bite nails, smoke, drink alcohol).
Anal stage correct answers (2-3yrs) Pleasure in anus. Potty training becomes difficult. The ego
develops here (societal demand). Adults who come back to this stage will have problems with
orderliness, are controlling, and disorganized (anal expulsive).
Phallic stage correct answers (4-7yrs) Pleasure in clitoris/penis. Identification with same-sex
parent causing acquisition of superego. Oedipus and electra complexes; child wishes to have sex
w. parent. Oedipus is when boys want to replace their dad causing castration anxiety (boy wants
to cut father's penis off). Electra complex is when girls get penis envy. They think the penis is a
symbol of power and that all girls want one. Girls won't develop the same amount of superego as
boys.
Latency stage correct answers (7-puberty) No locus of pleasure particularly. The task is a
transformation of repressed sexual urges into socially acceptable one.
Genital stage correct answers (puberty-onward) Pleasure is in the vagina/penis. There are two
major goals: to have a mature relationship and to make productive work.
What are defense mechanisms? correct answers Unconscious tried to prevent unacceptable
thoughts from reaching conscious awareness. To protect ourselves from these impulses.
Defense mechanisms 1: Denial correct answers No self awareness of the urge.
Defense mechanisms 2: Intellectualization correct answers Expressing interest in earning,
understanding something from the academic perspective. (ex; learning about crime to become a
criminal)
Defense mechanisms 3: Projection correct answers Inappropriate sexual urge towards someone.
Projecting personal feelings on to someone else. "It wasn't my feeling, it's theirs".
Defense mechanisms 4: Rationalization correct answers Engage in inappropriate sexual urge but
provide excuses/reasoning/justification. "I only cheated on you because you don't listen to me".
Defense mechanisms 5: Reaction formation correct answers You describe opposite sentiment to
sexual target. For example you like your boyfriend's brother but say you don't; whereas you want
a relationship.
