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Exam (elaborations) Developmental Psych Developmental Psychology exam questions with solutions
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Exam (elaborations) Developmental Psych Developmental Psychology exam questions and answers
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Child Development Psychology Exam 1three grand theories - psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and cognitive theory
psychoanalytic theory - Freud; irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in
childhood, underlies all human behavior
behaviorism theory - Watson; all behavior is learned, strongly rooted in verifiable data with
controlled experiments
cognitive theory - Piaget; focuses on changes in how people think over time
Freud's stages of development - 1) oral 2) anal 3) phallic 4)latency 5) genital
Erikson's stages of development - 1) trust vs. mistrust 2) autonomy vs. shame 3) initiative vs.
guilt 4) industry vs. inferiority 5) identity vs. identity diffusion 6) intimacy vs. isolation 7)
generatively vs. self-absorption 8) integrity vs. despair
classical conditioning - neutral stimulus +meaningful stimuli + repeated application = neutral
stimulus -> involuntary response
operant conditioning - reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors
reinforcement - behavior is followed by something desired to increase behavior
punishment - behavior is followed by something unwanted to decrease behavior
positive (in regards to reinforcement or punishment) - adding something
negative (in regards to reinforcement or punishment) - taking something away
social learning theory - emphasis on the influence that other people have on anothers behavior
modeling - a person observes the behavior of others and then copies
BoBo doll experiment - example of modeling, shows that aggression is learned
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development - 1) sensorimotor stage 2) pre operational stage
3) concrete operational stage 4) formal operational stage
sensorimotor stage (Piaget) - interaction with environment, object permanence
, pre operational stage (Piaget) - representing the world symbolically, pretend play
concrete operational stage (Piaget) - learning rules, conservation
formal operational stage (Piaget) - can transcend the concrete situation and think about the
future
schema - category of knowledge
assimilation - taking in new information into our previously existing schemas
accommodation - changing or altering our existing schemas
equilibration - children attempt to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation
eclectic perspective - psychotherapy technique that combines aspects of two or more different
approaches to meet the needs of a client
longitudinal study - same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly
assessed
cross-sectional study - compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other
important characteristics (education, ethnicity, ect.)
cross-sequential study - combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies
empirical evidence - based on observation, experience, and/or experiments and not theories
scientific method - theory -> research -> hypotheses -> data -> support, and if not -> revision of
the theory
confirmation bias - tendency to only focus on evidence that supports your ideas or your
hypothesis
qualitative research - describes particular conditions and ideas of participants (interviews, open
ended questions, specific situational factors influencing an individual or group)
quantitative research - provides data that is expressed with numbers (statistical differences, less
open to interpretation)
naturalistic observations - method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and
recording participants behavior
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