Exam (elaborations)
ALTA CERTIFICATION REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Vowel - ANSWER A type of open speech sound produced by the freemovement of air via a moderately open vocal tract. A, E, I, O, U.
ANSWER A consonant is a type of spoken sound in which sound flowing
through the vocal tract is constricted or impeded by the lips, tongue, or teeth
while articulating.
Accent - ANSWER Stress or emphasis on a single syllable in a word, or one or
more words in a phrase or sentence. The accented portion is spoken louder,
longer, and/or in a higher pitch. When the speaker says an emphasized syllable,
his or her lips expands wider.
A syllable is a spoken or written unit that must have a vowel sound and may
include consonants that come before or after the vowel. Syllables are sounds
produced by a single vocal impulse.
ANSWER: An open syllable is one that ends with a long vowel sound. (work,
freedom)
Closed Syllable - ANSWER A syllable that contains one or more consonants.
The vowel is typically short.
Base Word - ANSWER A word to which affixes are applied. A root word can
stand alone.
Derivative - ANSWER A word formed from a base word by adding one or more
affixes
Affix - ANSWER A letter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a
basic word or root to produce a derivative with a distinct meaning or
grammatical form.
,Prefix - ANSWER An affix added to the beginning of a word to change its
meaning.
A suffix is a morpheme that is added to the end of a word to give it a distinct
form or use. Suffixes comprise inflected forms that denote tense, number,
person, and comparatives.
Macron - ANSWER A flat diacritical symbol above a vowel in a send image or
phonic/dictionary notation that signifies a prolonged sound.
Breve - ANSWER A curving diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound image
or phonic/dictionary symbol notation that signifies a short sound in a closed
syllable with at least one consonant following the vowel.
Tilde - ANSWER A diacritical mark. A wavy line is drawn over any vowel
preceding r in a combination to represent the unaccented pronunciation of a
letter. Tildes are used to code words as well as to create sound pictures. The
symbol (er) is used to represent the pronunciation of any unaccented vowel-r
combination in the dictionary sound image.
Cedilla - ANSWER A curving line used beneath the letter c to indicate that it is
pronounced "soft" or (s) rather than "hard" or (k). Students utilize the coding on
c before the letters e, i, or y (softeners) to remind themselves to pronounce the
(s) sound, e.g. mice.
Digraph - ANSWER Two adjacent letters repress a single consonant sound.
Consonant Digraph - ANSWER: Two adjacent letters that suppress a single
consonant sound
Vowel Digraph - Respond to neighboring letters indicating a single vowel
sound.
Trigraph - ANSWER Three adjacent letters representing one spoken sound
(tch).
Quadrigraph - ANSWER: Four adjacent letters represent one sound (eigh).
, Combination - ANSWER A group of letters (found in a single syllable) that
appear frequently together. The pronunciation of at least one of the component
parts is surprising, or the letters stand in an unexpected order (ar, er, ir, or, us,
qu, wh).
Diphthong - ANSWER Two vowels adjacent in the same syllable, their sounds
blending seamlessly together. English contains only four diphthongs. These
include ou/out, ow/cow, oi/oil, oy, boy.
Grapheme – An important unit of visual shape. We use the term "visual shape"
to refer to any shape observed by the eye that is a visible representation of a unit
of speech, including writing. A single graphic letter or letter cluster that depicts
a spoken sound.
Phoneme - ANSWER A single functional or signaling unit in our word patterns.
Individual sound components of spoken syllables.
Morpheme - ANSWER A foundation word or meaningful unit used in structural
linguistics.
Orthography – The writing system of a language. Correct or standardized
spelling in accordance with accepted use.
ANSWER: An ability exam is designed to assess your general intellect or
mental aptitude in a specific field. For example:
ANSWER An achievement exam is a standardized test designed to efficiently
quantify the amount of information and/or ability that a person has acquired,
typically through classroom teaching. Such testing generates a statistical profile
that can be used to assess student learning in relation to a standard or norm.
Accommodation - ANSWER: Provide several opportunities for children to
absorb information or convey their understanding back to you. The adjustments
do not affect or diminish the standards or expectations of a subject or a test.
Age equivalent - ANSWER A sort of test score determined using the average
age at which a certain score is earned within the tested group.
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