PHA 458 Final Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
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Course
PHA 458
Institution
PHA 458
PHA 458 Final Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
Evidence based approach to answering clinical questions steps - ANSWERS4 A's
Ask (the question)
Acquire (the evidence)
Appraise (the evidence)
Apply (the evidence to the patient case or question)
PICO - ANSWERSPatient or problem
Inter...
PHA 458 Final Exam 1 Questions &
Answers 2024/2025
Evidence based approach to answering clinical questions steps - ANSWERS4 A's
Ask (the question)
Acquire (the evidence)
Appraise (the evidence)
Apply (the evidence to the patient case or question)
PICO - ANSWERSPatient or problem
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
What to do "Ask" or define the question - ANSWERSPICO
What to do to "Acquire" the evidence - ANSWERSDetermine the type of information or evidence needed
Package inset
Practice guidelines
Clinical research
Conduct a systematic search for this information
What to do the "Appraise" the evidence - ANSWERSIs it relevant?
Is it valid?
Are the results statistically significant?
Are the results clinically significant?
,What to do the "Apply" the evidence - ANSWERSClinical judgement/reasoning calls for you to determine
how the evidence can be best applied to your patient
Drug Interaction Facts - ANSWERSIncludes documentation level and onset
Includes interactions with food/alcohol
Includes precautions for special populations
Includes diseases/conditions and allergies
Levels of severity assigned to drug interactions in Drug Interaction Facts - ANSWERSMajor- interaction is
life threatening or may cause permanent damage
Moderate- the interaction may cause the patient's clinical status to deteriorate and additional treatment,
hospitalization, or an extended hospital stay may be necessary
Minor- the interaction usually have mild effects that may be bothersome or unnoticeable but should not
affect the therapeutic outcome and more treatment is usually not necessary
Clinical pharmacology interactions ratings - ANSWERSSevere- avoid using these drugs together (CI)
Major- using the medications together may be CI in certain patients, the patient should be monitored
and further therapy and/or a change in therapy may be necessary
Moderate- using the medications together may have unintended clinical effects, the patient should be
monitored or changes in therapy may be necessary
Minor- using the medications together does not usually result in clinically significant interactions and
monitoring or changes in therapy are not usually required
Lexi-interact ratings - ANSWERSA- no known interaction
B- no action needed
C- monitor therapy
, D- consider therapy modification
X- avoid combination
Includes severity and reliability rating
Name a resource that focuses specifically on side effects of drugs - ANSWERSMeyler's Side Effects of
Drugs
Resources that report adverse reactions - ANSWERSFacts and comparisons- drug search by adverse
reaction
Lexi-comp- drug search by adverse reaction
Clinical pharmacology- adverse reaction report, find/list by adverse reaction report, drug allergy and
idiosyncratic reactions database
Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs - ANSWERSIndividual drug monographs in alphabetical order
Important monograph features:
Organs and systems
Long-term effects
Second-generation effects
Susceptibility factors
Drug administration
Drug interactions
Interference with diagnostic tests
Diagnosis of adverse drug reactions
Management of adverse drug reactions
Monitoring thearpy
Side Effects of Drugs Annual - ANSWERSPublished as a compliment to Meyler's
Chapters arranged as drug classes
Reviews publications over the past year
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