Bioinformatics Chapter 20 Exam Questions with Complete Solutions Latest Update 2024
Bioinformatics - Answers Computational branch of molecular biology
In silico - Answers Term for technique performed in a computer
RNA Genome of bacteriophage MS2 - Answers *Infects Bacilius subtilis
First non viral genome - Answers *1.8 million base pair DNA genome of Haemophilus influenzae
Human Genome Project - Answers *started 1990 James Watson at NIH funded by Dept of Energy
*Francis Collins in 1992
*goal: identify all the approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human DNA, determine the sequence
of the three billion chemical base pairs that make up humans DNA, store this information in databases,
improve tools for the any data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and apply the
knowledge gained two clinical, agricultural, industrial, environmental, and evolutionary fields
*project cost $3 billion in public funds, $300 million by Celera and it cost $100 to sequence a single base.
Centromeres and telomeres - Answers * only regions remaining to be sequenced
* highly repetitive and difficult to sequence by current methods
Two approaches for sequencing human genome - Answers * chromosome walking and shotgun
sequencing
Chromosome walking - Answers * genomic DNA carried in a clone is sequence, and a fragment of this
sequence is used as a probe to isolate the next clone, which is sequence next
* entire library is sequenced from start to finish
* only 500-1000 to base pairs of DNA could be accurately sequence at a time so sequencing 3 billion
base-pair genome is 500 base pairs increment was challenging
Shotgun sequencing - Answers *Craig venter
*human genome is mechanically sheared, polished to add adenines to each piece of DNA,incorporated
into plasmids via TA cloning,and sequenced using plasmid specific primers.
* these sequences fragments were then pieced back together on a computer, and chromosomes will
build from thousands of pieces
Systems Biology - Answers * study of entire biological systems and the interaction between components
Genomics - Answers * study of an organism entire genome, which involves genome sequencing, genetic
mapping, studying gene regulation and expression, and evolution and gene conservation
, Techniques that work in conjunction with genomics - Answers BLAST searching and microarrays
National center for biotechnology information website - Answers * established in 1988 as a national
resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conduct research in
computational biology, develops software tool for analyzing the data, and disseminates biomedical
information -all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and
disease.
Genbank - Answers * one of the most important database is kept at NCBI
* database that contains DNA sequences amounting to billions of base pairs and DNA from thousands of
different organisms,viruses to humans
*Journals expect researchers to submit DNA and protein sequences to GenBank first publication
* a GenBank submission contains important information, such as the locus, gene size, nature of the
molecule,accession number,source organism, and references
Pubmed - Answers * search for database of thousands of scientific journals
* first place one should visit when looking for a peer-reviewed scientific data on a topic or when
performing a full literature review for a research project
Sequence analysis - Answers * second step of research project
* useful when working with DNA or protein of interest
Bioinformatics can be used to analyze what? - Answers * enhancer region, introns and exons, translate a
DNA sequence into the protein sequence is encodes, search for sequence homology via blast to
determine the DNA or protein's origin, discover any related genes or proteins, in construct a
phylogenetic tree
* proteins can be further analyzed to determine molecular weights, Isoelectric points, and extinction
coefficients, important stretches of amino acids, potential transmembrane domains, modification sites,
and secondary and tertiary structures.
Blast - Answers * basic local alignment search tool
* excellent tool for comparing any sequence with which you are working to the entire GenBank
database
How is BLAST searching useful? - Answers * useful to find similar DNA or protein sequences among
various species
Sequence alignment - Answers *can be used to look for a conserved nucleotide or amino acids across
species
