Why were wolves intentionally eliminated and then reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park? correct answers -They were eliminated because they were a threat to livestock. Viewed as a menace to society.
-They were reintroduced because they were now seen as part of the ecosystem.
-Expansion of ...
ISS 310 Final Exam || with Complete Solutions.
Why were wolves intentionally eliminated and then reintroduced into Yellowstone National
Park? correct answers -They were eliminated because they were a threat to livestock. Viewed as
a menace to society.
-They were reintroduced because they were now seen as part of the ecosystem.
-Expansion of human population leads to encroachment and destruction of wolf habitat and
ranges.
What are apex predators? correct answers - Apex predators are those at the highest trophic level,
which mean they have no natural predators. At this point other predators become the threat but
often do not interfere with each other
- Top of the food chain.
What factors contributed to the eradication of wolves in the 20th century? correct answers -There
was government intervention that encouraged hunting of wolves with bounty
-Westward expansion
-farmers exterminating wolves because they hunted their animals
What is the ecological role of the wolf? correct answers -The role is Return of predator-> wolves
leave carcasses -> feeds scavengers and detritus while providing soil nutrients
-The biodiversity of ecosystems depends on both living and nonliving things
-Apex are at top of the food chain
What are trophic levels? correct answers Stratifications of which organisms eat which organism
What factors contributed to the eradication of wolves in the US? correct answers - Wolf bounties
and manifest destiny
- Westward expansion, lost environment and resources
- People hunted them
- Farmers exterminated them because wolves were killing their livestock
How did the attitude towards wolves shift in the modern era? correct answers -It shifted to a
preservation
-Eventually scientists and conservationists became advocated for wolves
-Wolves seen as part of the ecosystem rather than a threat
-Convention on international trade and endangered species (CITES) and Endangered species act
(ESA) place restriction on the hunting and celling on wolves or wolf products
-Environmental groups pushed beyond conservation of remaining wolf populations to the
reintroduction of remaining wolf populations to the reintroduction programs such as the ones in
Yellowstone Wisconsin and Michigan.
What is rewilding? What are the ethical dimensions of rewilding? correct answers -Rewilding is
used to restore ecological and evolutionary processes, with the goals of promoting ecosystem
functioning and biodiversity
-Uses an eco centric approach (it focuses on what's best for the environment)
, -Deep ecology (what should be preserved and why)
-Extinction crisis (major losses of biodiversity as compared to the background extinction rate or
the historical average rate of biodiversity loss)
o Past extinction crisis was nonhuman but now they are human (anthropogenic- human focused)
How has the issue of rewilding come to be so controversial? correct answers -Different
stakeholders have different opinions. (Ex: Farmers don't want wolves to be rewilded because it
puts their livestock at risk).
-Stake hoder is anyone with a vested interest with the outcome of a management strategy.
What is the National Environmental Policy Act? correct answers -It is a statement that is
required private and public inclusion before government is allowed to implement public policy/
requires consideration for all stakeholders.
-Requires a environmental impact statement (EIS) before government action can be taken
-The EIS process includes public input and participation, attempts to identify stakeholders that
are both local and non local with varying degrees of distress.
What is preservation? correct answers Protection of a resource or environment, usually for its
own sake; often means preventing human access or use
What is reconciliation ecology? correct answers Maintaining human activities and ecosystem
services such as biodiversity; humans are allowed to access and use resources
Be familiar with the process of succession. correct answers -After a disturbance, a series of
species invasion progress an ecosystem through stages until they return to the same or new
climax vegetation
What is forest transition theory? correct answers -States that initial population growth and
development in an area will cause deforestation at first, but as the economy changes and people
migrate to urban areas that forest will recover/ deforestation to reforestation
Be familiar with the European example of forest transition theory that was presented in class.
correct answers •Forest losses in Europe certainly predate the 1700s and major tree cover
declines likely occurred as early as the Bronze age. Nevertheless, dramatic deforestation is
immediately evident during the early industrial period in which urbanization and the rise of
manufacturing led to rapid use of forest resources. This is also a period in which agriculture
spread into many areas previously left out of the reach of the plow
•Main point: there is a clear connection between increased economic activity and decreased
forest cover
•Over time, forest cover declines, but at some point a transition occurs such that the decline halts
and reverses and forest cover thereafter expands. This transition yields a U shaped curve for
forest cover plotted against time
•Europe was a U shaped deals with how it was deforestation then reforestation (it goes down
than up)
-States that initial population growth and development in an area will cause deforestation at first,
but as the economy changes and people migrate to urban areas, the forests will recover
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