This summary provides a comprehensive overview of Grade 12 IEB Economic Geography of South Africa inline with the SAGS. Each section is structured to give a clear, thorough explanation of the following topics: Sturcture of the economy, Agriculture, Mining, Secondary and Tertiary sectors, Strategies...
Contents
Structure of the Economy ......................................................................................... 3
Agriculture............................................................................................................... 3
Small Scale vs Large Scale farmers ........................................................................ 3
Large-scale Commercial Farming .......................................................................... 4
Factors favouring Agriculture (in South Africa) ..................................................... 4
Factors hindering Agriculture. ............................................................................ 4
Food Security ....................................................................................................... 4
Mining ..................................................................................................................... 5
Factors favouring Mining (in South Africa) ........................................................... 5
Factors hindering mining ................................................................................... 5
Secondary and Tertiary Sectors ................................................................................. 6
The secondary sector............................................................................................ 6
The tertiary Sector ................................................................................................ 6
Types of Industries ............................................................................................ 7
Factors influencing industrial development in South Africa .................................. 7
Strategies for Industrial Development ........................................................................ 8
Industrial Development Zones ........................................................................... 8
Spatial Development Initiatives .......................................................................... 8
Advantages ....................................................................................................... 9
Disadvantages ................................................................................................ 10
The Informal Sector ................................................................................................ 10
Disadvantages ................................................................................................ 10
Structure of the Economy
Every economic activity falls into one of these four sectors:
1. Primary Sector: Involves the extraction and harvesting of natural resources. Activities
include farming, mining, fishing, and forestry.
2. Secondary Sector: Focuses on manufacturing and processing. This sector includes
industries that convert raw materials from the primary sector into finished products,
like factories, construction, and food processing.
3. Tertiary Sector: Includes services that support consumers and businesses, such as
retail, healthcare, education, banking, and transportation.
4. Quaternary Sector: Involves knowledge-based services focused on research,
technology, and information. Examples include IT, scientific research, consulting, and
education at advanced levels.
These sectors together represent various stages of economic activity and reflect the structure
and development of an economy.
KEYWORDS:
Sector one part or component of a larger system.
Extractive deriving products from nature.
Gross domestic the total value of a country’s output for one year.
product (GDP)
Agriculture
Why agriculture is important:
▪ Farm products provide raw materials for industry. [primary sector]
▪ People are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for employment.
▪ Agriculture contributes to a large portion of the economy.
Small Scale vs Large Scale farmers
The main difference between small-scale commercial farming and small-scale
subsistence farming lies in their purpose and scale:
Small-Scale Commercial Farming:
▪ Is done on a small plot.
▪ aims to produce crops or livestock for sale.
▪ Focus is on generating income.
o farmers often grow high-demand crops or raise livestock to sell in local
markets.
▪ Techniques may be more advanced, some investment in seeds, fertilizers, or equipment
to increase yield and profit.
▪ often lack the government support given to large scale farmers
▪ output is too small to win contracts with supermarket chains.
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