simony - answer-the selling of Church offices
pluralism - answer-A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.
nepotism - answer-favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them job...
AP EURO REFORMATION STUDY GUIDE
simony - answer-the selling of Church offices
pluralism - answer-A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can
check the asserted power by any one group.
nepotism - answer-favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them
jobs)
absenteeism - answer-an official not participation in benefices but receiving payment and privileges. On
of the corruptions in the Catholic Church
sale of indulgences - answer-the issue that initiated the Protestant Reformation--paying a fee to the
Church so that a person could escape purgatory and go to heaven (began in the Crusades) used to raise
money for the Church
clerical ignorance - answer-clergy was ignorant; many preached in Latin that they couldn't read or
understand
In Praise of Folly - answer-written by Erasmus, criticized the problems of the Church
Martin Luther - answer-a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman
Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Johann Tetzel - answer-The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.
95 Thesis - answer-written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for
the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the
Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to
Protestantism.
Johann Eck - answer-He defeated Luther in the Leipzig Debate over indulgences in July 1519. He forced
Luther to deny authority of popes and councils.
Priesthood of all believers - answer-Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and
find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of
spirituality because of a church position.
Diet of Worms - answer-Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Confession of Augsburg - answer-The main writings of Lutheranism; written by Luters friend, Philip
Melanchthon
, Philip Melanchthon - answer-friend of Martin Luther, he wrote the Confessions of Augsburg, an attempt
to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes that failed. The statements made did become the traditional
statement of the Lutheran Church.
Charles V - answer-Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He
summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563); supporter of Catholicism
Peasant's War - answer-Rebellion broke out against all authority in 1524-1525 in Germany over class
struggles and relgious revolts (such as controversy over what sin was defined as). Luther did not approve
of this, despite being blamed for it.
Twelve Articles - answer-1525 - writen by representatives of the Swabian peasants in a Greman city,
expressed their grievances, summarized the agarian crisis of the early 16th century
Leage of Schmalkalden - answer-Alliance formed by protestant princes to protect themselves from
Charles V (tried to catholize Germany).
Habsburg-Valois Wars - answer-France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to
slow unification of German states.
Peace of Augsburg - answer-1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be
decided by its ruler
Anabaptists - answer-A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed
baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant
baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in
simplicity of life.
John of Leyden - answer-led a radical group of Anabaptists to take control of the northwestern German
city of Munster. He had 16 wives.
Tragedy at Munster - answer-Anabaptist extremists took power over Münster; Anabaptists in the city
forced the Catholics and Lutherans to either convert or emigrate; Münster was blockaded by besieging
armies and under pressure transformed into an Old Testament theocracy
Mennonites - answer-founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists
and emphasized pacifism.
Quakers - answer-English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of
pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
Unitarians - answer-a member of a religious group that emphasizes reason and faith in an individual;
deny the idea of the Holy Trinity
Ulrich Zwingli - answer-(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the
state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
Colloquy at Marburg - answer-Zwingli officially split with Luther over issue of Eucharist
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