Exam (elaborations)

CMY2602 – NOTES

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CMY2602

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University Of South Africa

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cmy2602 notes

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CMY2602
– NOTES

,LEARNING UNIT 1
Impact of Crime on Communities
 All communities are affected by crime, which creates a widespread impact on societal structures
and individual safety.

Crime Prevention
 Definition: Crime prevention encompasses all measures undertaken by government policy and
private initiatives to prevent crime, excluding actions taken within the criminal justice system.
 These measures are often classified as crime control.

Crime Prevention Models and Approaches
 Crime prevention models refer to deliberate plans and actions aimed at preventing or controlling
crime.

Historical Development of Crime Prevention and Control in
South Africa
 Low Intensity Warfare:
o Historical warfare techniques were employed to achieve political and social aims.
o These techniques have lasting psychological effects on the population, leading to a
learned response of violence and public disobedience in the face of resistance or
perceived threats.
o Consequently, this has fostered a negative attitude toward law enforcement agencies that
enforce unpopular laws or regulations.
 Initial Perspectives:
o Historically, crime prevention was viewed primarily as the responsibility of the police,
courts, and correctional services.
 Shift to Community-Based Approaches:
o Since the 1960s, crime prevention strategies have evolved to embrace a more informal,
community-based approach.
 National Crime Prevention Plan (1996):
o The South African government adopted a comprehensive National Crime Prevention
Plan, which includes:
 Establishment of a national institute linked to the National Growth and
Development Strategy Office.
 Advocacy for an integrated, multidimensional crime prevention model facilitating
interdepartmental cooperation at central, regional, and local authority levels.

,  The strategy is founded on four pillars:
1. Reduction of Crime: Through effective environmental planning and
design, aimed at reducing opportunities for crime and enhancing the
detection and identification of criminals.
2. Enhancement of Community Values: Implementing campaigns to
educate communities and alter their responses to crime and violence,
promoting public education and facilitating meaningful citizen
participation in crime prevention.
3. Transnational Crime Prevention: Developing strategies specifically
targeting crime that crosses borders.
4. Integrated Criminal Justice System: Creating a clear deterrent for
criminals and reducing recidivism rates.

Factors Crucial to Successful Crime Prevention
1. State and Community Involvement: Essential for the implementation of a comprehensive
crime prevention policy.
2. Multidimensional Approach: Incorporating various crime prevention models and their
respective programs.
3. Causation Theories: Developing crime prevention models and programs based on factors
contributing to crime and victimization.
4. Contextual Attention: Recognizing unique crime patterns and causes specific to a country or
neighborhood.
5. Planning and Evaluation: Ensuring crime prevention programs are well-planned and evaluated
for effectiveness and cost-efficiency.

Various Crime Prevention Approaches
Social Crime Prevention Model

 Based on the understanding that socioeconomic structures such as families, schools, churches,
recreational facilities, and employment are vital socialization frameworks that instill community
norms and values.
 Emphasizes enhancing "social capital" to protect individuals from crime, reflecting the adage, "It
takes a community to raise a child."
 Recognizes that deficiencies in these structures can lead to increased crime.
 Aims to support vulnerable groups (youth, elderly, low-income individuals) in reducing their
risk of engaging in or falling victim to crime.
 Includes:
o Comprehensive state policies focused on urban and rural cleanup efforts to prevent
squatting and improve housing conditions.
o Employment policies that prioritize job creation.
o Educational policies with an emphasis on early childhood development.
o Family policies that promote parental guidance and family skills.
o Youth policies encouraging responsibility and emphasizing education, socialization, and
constructive leisure activities.

, o Health policies specifically targeting young children and initiatives addressing drug and
alcohol abuse.
 Success is largely contingent upon the implementation of long-term programs.

Limiting Opportunities for Crime

 Focuses on restricting the chances for criminal involvement, primarily targeting potential
victims, community members, and the physical environment.
 Effective measures include:
o Urban and environmental planning aimed at revitalizing squatter and problem areas.
o Publicity campaigns that raise security awareness.
o Architectural design that enhances visibility and restricts access to reduce crime
opportunities.
o Installation of security features (e.g., burglar bars, vehicle tracking systems).
o Target removal strategies and technological solutions (e.g., electronic scanners at
airports).
o Deployment of supervisors and security personnel at access points.
o Utilization of closed-circuit television in high-risk areas and commercial spaces.
o Measures to combat internal crime in businesses through security protocols and
employee training.
 Particularly effective in preventing property crimes, including burglary, theft from businesses,
shoplifting, vehicle theft, and vandalism.

Community-Based Crime Prevention Model

 Operates on the principle that awareness of the risk of apprehension can deter potential offenders
in specific neighborhoods.
 Examples of initiatives include:
o Neighbourhood watch programs.
o Citizen patrols.
o Community policing initiatives.
o Safe houses for at-risk individuals.
o Emergency alarm systems.
o Two-way radio communication networks among community members.

Biophysical Prevention Model

 Focuses on inherent biological and psychological conditions that may predispose individuals to
criminal behavior.
 Early identification and intervention are crucial in preventing crime, particularly concerning at-
risk youth.
 Utilizes a combination of treatment programs tailored to the individual’s needs.

Psychological Prevention Model

 Investigates psychological needs and disorders that may lead to criminal behavior, often
originating from early childhood experiences.

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