Concepts of Genetics Unit 4 Review Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024
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Concepts of Genetics Unit 4
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Concepts Of Genetics Unit 4
Concepts of Genetics Unit 4 Review Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024
Briefly describe 3 ways that ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes may change chromatin structure. - Answers ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling may effect position of nucleosomes, evict histones, and may rep...
Concepts of Genetics Unit 4 Review Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024
Briefly describe 3 ways that ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes may change chromatin
structure. - Answers ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling may effect position of nucleosomes, evict
histones, and may replace histones with histone variants.
Histone Variant - Answers histone genes that have accumulate mutations that change the amino acid
sequence
DNA Methylation - Answers The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis. Inhibits
initiation of transcription when occurs near promoter.
DNA methyltransferase - Answers Methylation occurs via enzyme DNA methyltransferase, which
attaches to 5 position of cytosine base.
Histone acetyltransferases effect on chromatin compaction - Answers DNA is - charged while histones
are + charged. The covalent attachment of acetyl group decreases the amount of + charge of histone
proteins and therefore decrease the binding of DNA and histone. Acetylation may attract other proteins
to region that loosen chromatin compaction.
Insulator - Answers Segment of DNA that functions as boundary of two genes. Protects and insulates
gene from regulatory effects of neighboring gene.
Two effects of insulator - Answers 1. Barrier to changes in chromatin structure (gene within insulator is
unaffected)
2. Blocking effect of enhancers (Gene A effected, but insulator keeps it from effecting Gene B)
Molecular mechanisms that underlie epigenetic gene regulation - Answers 1) DNA Methylation
2) Chromatin remodeling
3) Covalent histone modification
4) Localization of histone variants
5) Feedback loop
DNA Methylation effect on Epigenetic Gene Regulation - Answers Methyl groups attachment near
promoters will inhibit transcription
Chromatin Remodeling effect on Epigenetic Gene Regulation - Answers Nucleosomes moved or evicted.
When near promoter, level of transcription is altered
Covalent histone modification effect on Epigenetic Gene Regulation - Answers Specific amino acid side
chains found at amino terminal tails of histones may covalently modified (acetylated or phosphorylated)
and could inhibit/enhance transcription
, Localization of histone variants effect on Epigenetic Gene Regulation - Answers Histone variants may
become localized to specific location (near promoter) and affect transcription
Feedback loop - Answers Activation of gene that encodes transcription factor may result in feedback
loop in which transcription factor continue to stimulate own expression
What is a nuclosome-free region? Where are they typically found in a genome? How are nucleosome-
free regions thought to be functionally important? - Answers They are a region of the gene that has no
nucleosomes and are normally found at the core promoter or at the beginning or end of a gene. The
beginning NFR is important so gene can be activated. End NFR important for proper termination.
Nucleosomes are thought to be displaced as RNA polymerase is transcribing a gene. What would be the
potentially harmful consequences if nucleosomes were not put back into a gene after RNA polymerase
had passed? - Answers
When we say DNA methylation is heritable, what do we mean? How is it passed from mother to
daughter cell? - Answers
Let's suppose that a vertebrae organism carries a mutation that causes cells that normally differentiate
into nerve cells to differentiate into muscle cells. A molecular analysis of this mutation revelaed that it
was a gene that encodes a methyltransferase. Explain how an alteration in methylationtranferase could
produce this phenotype. - Answers Methylation may be responsible for methylating and inhibiting a
gene that causes cell to become a muscle cell. Methyltransferase is inactivated by the mutation.
What is a CpG island? Where would it be located? How does methylation of CpG island effect gene
expression? - Answers
Define epigenetics. Are all epigenetic changes passed from parent to offspring? Explain. - Answers Study
of mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that can be inheritable and are reversible, but do
not change DNA sequence.
Not all epigenetic changes are passed, esp. if it is in a somatic cell.
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