If a chemical system is
changed so that the sy
counteract the externa
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM LE CHÂTELIER’S PRINCIPLE
Factors affecting equi
The point at which the concentrations of all species in a reaction are
constant. 1. Change in reactan
At equilibrium, both the forward and the reverse reaction occur at If a chemical syste
exactly the same rate, so the concentration of the reactants and reaction will shift t
products do not change. 2. Volume and pressu
The rate of the forward reaction is given by: Rate = kf[A]^a × [B]^b The concentration
The rate of the reverse reaction is given by: Rate = kr[C]^c × [D]^d we decrease the vo
Where [ ] indicates concentration in mol.L-¹ If pressure is increa
The equilibrium constant expression: Kc = ([C]^c × [D]^d) ÷ ([A]^a × [B]^b) gases and decreas
The value of Kc does not depend on initial concentrations of An increase in pres
reactants/products. In a reaction with t
Kc is a function of temperature, so its value changes only if the changing the press
temperature changes. No change will occ
If K > 1, then products dominate at equilibrium and the equilibrium lies to is not involved in th
the right of the reaction equation. 3. Temperature chan
If K < 1, then reactants dominate at equilibrium and the equilibrium lies For an endothermic
to the left of the reaction equation, and there will be more reactants a reactant.
than products. For an exothermic
product.
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