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BIOL 2220 Final Exam Questions and Answers
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BIOL 2220 Final Exam Questions andAnswers
Describe iithe iidevelopment iiof iithe iibrain ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iithe iiectoderm iithickens iialong
iithe iimidline, iiforming iithe iiNEURAL iiPLATE
2. iithe iineural iiplates iiinvaginates iito iiform iia iineural iigroove iiwith iineural iifolds ii(the
iisides iiof iithe iigrooves ii= iifolds)
3. iithe iineural iifolds iiFUSE iito iiform iithe iineural iitube ii
4. iineural iitube iiDETACHES iifrom iithe iiectoderm ii& iidescends iiinto iithe iimiddle iiof iithe
iiembryo ii-- iithis iiforms iithe iiCNS
5. iineural iicrest iidevelops iias iioffshoots iiof iineural iifolds ii(crests iibecome iineural
iiganglia)
Relate iiembryonic iiregions iito iithe iistructures iiof iithe iiadult iibrain ii- iiAnswers ii-Brain
iiVesicles:
- iiProsencephalon iigives iirise iito iitelencephalon ii(cerebrum) iiand iidiencephalon
ii(thalamus, iihypothalamus, iiepithalamus, iiretina)
- iiMesencephalon iigives iirise iito iithe iimidbrain
- iiRhombencephalon iigives iirise iito iithe iimyelencephalon ii(medulla iioblongata) iiand
iimetencephalon ii(part iiof iibrainstem, iipons, iicerebellum)
Identify iithe iiventricles iiof iithe iibrain ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiBrain iiventricles ii= iiexpansions iiof
iithe iilumen iiof iithe iineural iitube ii
- iiventricles iiare iicontinuous iiwith iione iianother ii& iispinal iicord ii
- iifilled iiwith iicerebrospinal iifluid ii
- iiependyma iilines iiventricles ii(helps iimake iiCSF)
Identify iithe iiventricles iiof iithe iibrain ii- iiAnswers ii-Lateral iiVentricles: ii
- iiwithin iieach iihemisphere iiof iithe iicerebrum ii
- ii2 iilateral iiventricles iiare iiseparated iiby iiSEPTUM iiPELLUCIDUM ii
- ii2 iilateral iiconnected iito iithird iiventricle
Third iiVentricle: ii
- iiconnected iito iilateral ii& iiruns iithru iidiencephalon
Fourth iiVentricle:
- iiconnected iito ii3rd ii& iicentral iicanal iiof iispinal iicord
,Interventricular iiForamen ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiconnects iilateral iiventricles iito iithird
Cerebral iiAquaduct ii- iiAnswers ii-connects iithe iithird iiand iifourth iiventricles
Openings ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiallow iifluids iioutside iibrain iito iibe iiconnected iito iifluid iion iiinside
- iiLateral iiapertures: iiopening iito iifourth iiventricle, iione iion iieach iiside
- iiMedian iiaperture: iitop/root iiof iifourth iiventricle
Describe iithe iisurface iianatomy iiof iithe iicerebrum, iiits iilobes iiand iiits iifunctional iiregions.
ii- iiAnswers ii-...
Surface iianatomy iiof iicerebrum ii- iiAnswers ii-gyri: iielevated iiparts iiof iithe iifolds
sulci: iidepressions iibetween iigyri
longitudinal iifissure: iiline iithat iiseparates iithe iileft ii& iiright iicerebral iihemispheres
transverse iifissure: iiseparates iithe iicerebrum iifrom iiother iiparts
Cerebrum iilobes ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiFrontal
- iiParietal
- iiOccipital
- iiTemporal
- iiInsula—rest iiof iithe iibrain iiis iifolded iiaround, iiinternal, iinot iivisible iifrom iioutside
Functional iiRegions iiof iiCerebrum ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iicerebral iicortex
- iiouter/superficial iipart
- iimade iiup iiof iigray iimatter ii(cell iibodies iiof iineurons ii& iiunmyelinated iiaxons)
2. iiwhite iimatter
- iideep iito iicortex
- iiMade iiup iiof iimyelinated iineurons ii(lipids iiis iiwhat iimakes iiit iiwhite)
3. iibasal iinuclei ii(Internal iiislands iiof iigray iimatter iiinside iiwhite iimatter)
List iithe iispecific iifunctional iiareas iiof iithe iicerebral iicortex, iiand iiidentify iitheir iigeneral
iipurpose. ii- iiAnswers ii-The iicerebral iicortex iiis iithe iiconscious iimind—associated iiwith
iiself-awareness, iicommunication, iimemory, ii& iivoluntary iimovement
Cerebral iiCortex iiFunctional iiAreas ii- iiAnswers ii-motor, iisensory, iiassociation
Motor ii(4) ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiPrimary iiMotor iiCortex
- iisends iimotor iiimpulses iito iiallow iimovement ii
2. iiPremotor iiCortex ii
- iiLEARNED iimotor iiskills ii(goes iito iipremotor iibefore iiprimary)
- iisends iisignal iito iiprimary iito iiactually iido iithe iimovement ii
3. iiBroca's iiarea
- iiin iiLEFT iihemisphere iionly
- iiAssociated iiwith iiSPEECH ii(muscles iiin iimouth, iilungs, iilarynx, iietc.)
- iiSame iispot iion iiright iihemisphere iicontrols iiBODY iiLANGUAGE
,4. iiFrontal iiEye iiField
- iiallows iius iito iivoluntarily iimove iiour iieyes ii(see iia iibird iifly iifrom iileft iito iiright)
Sensory ii(7) ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiPrimary iisomatosensory iicortex
- iispatial iidiscrimination ii(determines iiwhere iisignal iiis iicoming iifrom iion iibody)
2. iiSomatosensory iiassociation iicortex
- iiintegrates iiall iiof iithe iisensory iiinfo iithat iigoes iito iiprimary
3. iiVisual iiAreas
- iiPrimary iivisual iicortex: iibrings iiinfo iifrom iiretina
- iiVisual iiassociation iiarea: iiuses iiexperience iito iiinterpret ii(not iijust iia iibird, iian iieagle)
4. iiAuditory iiAreas
- iiPrimary iiauditory iicortex: iireceives iiinfo iifrom iiinner iiear ii
- iiAuditory iiassociation iiarea: iiuses iiexperience iito iiinterpret
5. iiOlfactory iicortex ii(detects iiodor)
6. iiGustatory iicortex ii(taste iibuds)
7. iiVestibular iicortex ii(from iiinsula, iiinfo iiabout iibalance)
Association ii(4) ii(all iiinterneurons, iicommunication iibetween iimotor ii& iisensory) ii-
iiAnswers ii-1. iiPrefrontal iicortex
- iiMost iihighly iievolved iiportion iiof iicerebral iicortex iiin iihumans
- iiInvolved iiwith iiintellect, iicomplex iilearning, iicognition, iirecall, iipersonality
2. iiLanguage iiarea
- iiWernicke's iiarea: iiLEFT iiside iionly; iiinvolved iiwith iisounding iiout iiforeign iiwords ii(but
iinot iithe iimuscles iithat iimake iispeech)
- iiRight iiside iiis iithe iiinterpretation iiof iibody iiEnglish ii(nonverbal)
3. iiGeneral iiinterpretation iiarea
- iionly iion iiLEFT iiside
- iiReceives iiinput iifrom iiall iisensory iiassociation iiareas iiand iiintegrates iiit iiall iiinto iia
iisingle iithought iilike ii"hungry", ii"sexy", ii"danger"
4. iiVisceral iiassociation iiarea ii
- iiConscious iiperception iiof iivisceral iisensations ii(organs)
- iiSenses iiwhen iiour iibladder iiis iifull, iistomach iihurts, iietc.
Name iithe iistructures iiand iifunctions iiof iithe iicerebral iiwhite iimatter iiand iibasal iibodies. ii-
iiAnswers ii-Cerebral iiwhite iimatter:
- iicarries iicommunication iibetween iiareas iiof iicerebrum, ii& iibetween iicortex ii& iilower
iiCNS iicenters
White iiMatter iiFibers:
- iicommissures: iiconnect iigray iiareas iiof ii2 iidifferent iihemispheres ii
- iilargest iicommissure ii= iicorpus iicallosum
- iiassociation iifibers: iiconnects iidifferent iiparts iiof iithe iisame iihemisphere
- iiprojection iifibers: iiconnect iicerebrum iito iiother iiparts iiof iibrain/spinal iicord ii(ties iithe
iicortex iito iithe iientire iirest iiof iithe iinervous iisystem)
Basal iinuclei ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiIslands iiof iigray iimatter iiwithin iithe iiwhite iimatter
- iiWithout iibasal iinuclei, iiwe iiget iiunwanted iimovement ii(it iiREFINES iiour iimovement)
, - iiHas iino iidirect iiaccess iito iimotor iipathways
- iiThere iiare ii4 iibasal iinuclei iiin iieach iihemisphere:
- iiCaudate iinucleus, iiPutamen, iiand iiGlobus iipallidus: iiregulate iiattention ii& iicognition ii&
iicoordinates iistereotype iimovement
- iiAmygdala: iiassociated iiwith iiemotions iiand iilimbic iisystem
thalamus ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiALL iisensory iiinput iigoes iito iithe iithalamus ii& iiis iisorted iihere ii&
iithen iisent iito iicortex
- iiAlso, iiall iinon-sensory iiinput ii(interneurons ii→ iigoing iifrom iione iipart iiof iithe iibrain iito
iianother, iimust iibe iisorted iiin iithalamus)
hypothalamus ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiThe iimain iivisceral iicontrol iicenter ii(control iiof iiinternal
iiorgans)
- iiheartbeat, iidigestive, iiblood iipressure
- iiRegulates iiautonomic iinervous iisystem ii(ANS) iiactivity
o iiControls iiemotional iiresponses ii(doesn't iicreate iiemotional iiresponse ii→ iicontrols iiit)
o iiRegulates iibody iitemperature
o iiControls iifood iiintake
o iiRegulates iiwater iibalance
o iiControls iisleep iicycle
o iiRegulates iihormone iirelease
o iiSex iidrive
o iiWorks iithru iithe iimedulla iioblongata
- iiHypothalamus iigenerates iisignal iithat iimedulla iioblongata iithen iicauses iito iihappen
Epithalamus ii- iiAnswers ii-- iicontains iipineal iigland ii
- iisecrete iimelatonin ii(causes iibrain iito iistart iishutting iidown)
- iihelps iiproduce iiCSF ii(sends iisignals iito iisecrete iior iistop iisecreting iifluid)
List iithe iistructures iiand iifunctions iiof iithe iidiencephalons iiand iibrain iistem. ii- iiAnswers ii-
...
Brainstem ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiMidbrain ii+ iipons ii+ iimedulla iioblongata ii= iibrain iistem
- iiBrain iistem iiis iigrey iimatter iithat iiis iideep iito iithe iiwhite iimatter, iiand iihas iiislands iiof
iigray iimatter iiwithin iiwhite iimatter
- iiContinuous iiwith iithe iispinal iicord ii(spinal iicord iiis iionly iiwhite iimatter)
- iiFunction: iiprovides iiprogrammed iiautomatic iibehaviors iineeded iifor iisurvival
o iiInhale/exhale, iidigestion
Midbrain ii- iiAnswers ii-- iiContains iimotor iitracts iithat iiconnect iito iispinal iicord, iiand iito
iicerebellum
- iiFunctions iiin iipain iisuppression
- iiServes iias iia iilink iibetween iiamygdala ii(emotion) iiand iiANS ii(i.e. iiEmotion iileads iito
iiincreased iiheart iirate, iidry iimouth)
- iiContains iivisual iireflex iicenter ii(Coordinates iieye iiactivity iiwith iihead iiactivity)
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