Nevada State Industrial & Institutional Control Of Insects &
Vertebrates C2
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ✔️✔️It is the foundation of successful pest control.
Is based on the recognition of the fact that the most effective, long-term way to manage pests is by
using a combination of methods.
How IPM is determined ✔️✔️Gathered from a thorough inspection & diagnosis of a pest problem is
used to prescribe an effective treatment for a particular condition.
IPM Methods ✔️✔️In many situations, pesticide application may be the best method of control. In
other situations, non-toxic methods such as trapping, sealing food & reducing moisture can be used
more effectively than pesticides. More often, several types of chemical, mechanical, & environmental
methods are used in combination.
IPM ✔️✔️Habitat adjustments often involve sanitation efforts to remove sources of food or water
pests need to survive. Thorough sanitation can largely eliminate many pest problems. Failure to provide
effective sanitation can impede or prevent other pest control techniques, such as baits, from working
effectively. If good sanitation practices are not being followed by the customer, their importance must
be tactfully explained.
IPM Exclusion ✔️✔️Exclusion to prevent infestation or re-infestation should be part of any
prescription. Exclusion involves sealing to keep pests out & inspecting new items before bringing them
into the area. Keeping doors, windows & vents screened & well sealed, caulking cracks & crevices where
utility lines enter or exterior access is provided, & generally blocking any points of entry are essential
practices that prevent & eliminate pests without using pesticides
IPM ✔️✔️Effective prescriptions can only be made after inspection & diagnosis have been completed.
The prescription should include not only what can be done for the customer, but what the customer can
do in the way of modifying the conditions that created the pest problem, including such things as better
sanitation, moisture control, & exclusion practices. Environmental factors which limit the effectiveness
of control (i.e. poor sanitation) should be clearly explained to the customer & steps should be taken to
correct the problems
,IPM Pesticide ✔️✔️Pesticides are used effectively when they supplement other control methods.
When properly prescribed, pesticides target a specific site that is most often visited or inhabited by the
pest. Because of potential human & environmental hazards, selection & proper application of pesticides
is a large responsibility. The pesticide chosen & application technique used is often dependent on
characteristics of the site, such as proximity to food, accessibility of children or pets to the treated area,
ventilation system concerns, etc. Before choosing a pesticide it is essential to read & understand the
directions & precautions on the product label. Remember, the pesticide label must include the site
where the pesticide is to be applied
& the pest which is to be controlled.
IPM Evaluation ✔️✔️A good pest control program includes a system of ongoing evaluation & regular
monitoring for checking the success or failure of a control strategy. Because pest populations vary, &
their susceptibility to pesticides may change, periodic inspections to assess the effectiveness of a control
strategy are essential to an effective control program. Periodic evaluations determine whether pest
numbers are at a minimal level or are increasing, & can be used to determine if past problems have
been eliminated or may be chronic, or if new problems are appearing. Consequently, regular follow-up
evaluations are necessary to determine whether treatments are successful & to make decisions about
future needs & strategies
Arthropods ✔️✔️Insects, arachnids, & crustaceans comprise a large group (phylum) of animals called
arthropods (meaning jointed footed).
Segmented body
Jointed appendages
A skeleton on the outside of the body (exoskeleton)
Growth involving molting
Distant Arthropods ✔️✔️Insects, as a distinct class of arthropods, also possess the following
combination of characteristics:
Three body regions (head, thorax, abdomen)
Three pairs of legs (restricted to the thorax)
One pair of antennae
Wings (usually) in the adult stage
Crustaceans ✔️✔️Example: (crayfish, shrimp, sow bugs, pill bugs)
,Five to seven pairs of legs
Two body regions (cephalothorax & abdomen)
Two pairs of antennae
Arachnids ✔️✔️Example: (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
Four pairs of legs
Two body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen)
No antennae
Diplopods ✔️✔️Example: (millipedes)
Elongate, usually rounded bodies
Many body segments (typically around 50)
Two pairs of legs on most body segments
Chilopods ✔️✔️Example: (centipedes)
Elongate, flattened bodies
Fourteen to twenty body segments
One pair of legs per body segment
Insect Growth ✔️✔️Development for most insects: Egg by sexual reproduction between Male &
Female. Ants, bees, & aphids can produce eggs without sexual reproduction known as Asexual
reproduction. Eggs can be fertilized without male sperm. Aphids asexually produced eggs can hatch
inside. Eggs are laid externally by females. Insects grow through instars, each one is separated by a
period through molting its exoskeleton. Insects can undergo none or many instars until matured to an
adult depending on species and environment. Each new exoskeleton can have a different shape and
appearance after molting. Then hardens a few hours after. Soft parts remaining (Thorax & Abdomen) of
caterpillars, may expand a limited extent during an instar. All growth stops when becoming an adult.
Understanding instar development clarifies what species the insect is. A distinct change in form resulting
from molting is called metamorphosis. The two general types of metamorphosis predominate, simple
metamorphosis, referred as incomplete or gradual & complete metamorphosis.
, Incomplete Metamorphosis ✔️✔️Have three basic life forms -- egg, nymph & adult. The nymphs
typically pass through three to five instars. Nymphs & adults often live in the same habitat, with the
principal changes during metamorphosis being size, body proportions, & the development of wings.
Some insects that undergo simple metamorphosis include grasshoppers & crickets, earwigs, the "true"
bugs (Hemiptera), aphids, & related insects
Complete Metamorphosis ✔️✔️4 basic life forms-egg, larva, pupa & adult. Caterpillars, maggots
&grubs are typical ex. of larvae. Larval stage has 3-7 instars, during which they usually feed. Pupal stage
(cocoon, puparia, chrysalid) is a non-feeding stage. During the pupal stage, insect changes to adult form.
Adults are usually winged & may differ from larvae in many ways: leg type, mouthparts, & feeding
habits. Adults that undergoing complete metamorphosis are different from Larvae & may be found in
different habitats. Insects that complete metamorphosis: Butterflies, Moths, Beetles, Flies, & Lacewings
Cockroaches ✔️✔️Order: Orthoptera, Families Blattellidae & Blattodae
Are oval, flattened, & fast-moving insects; maybe brown, reddish-brown, tan, or black; chewing
mouthparts, long, hairlike, flexible antennae, & broad saddle-like plate Protum, partially covers the
head; Adult stages of the most have wings, with front part being thickened & leathery (tegmina) with an
inner folded membranous (hind) pair. Some species are male winged/female wingless.
Incomplete metamorphosis, With three stages of life: egg, nymph, & adult
Eggs are in capsules, Ootheca , contain several dozen eggs. Capsules are often dropped around food &
glued down. Some carry Ootheca until hatch
Cockroaches (Life Cycle) ✔️✔️The immature stages are called nymphs. Several nymphal stages occur,
with each separated by a molt. The nymphs generally appear similar to the adult stage, but they lack
wings & are smaller. Typically, two to three months pass while they complete their life cycle.
Cockroaches (History, Capabilities, Resistance) ✔️✔️Cockroaches are among the oldest group of
insects known, with fossils dating back 200 million years. As a group, the cockroaches have shown
exceptional ability to adapt to & survive in a wide range of environments, including human dwellings.
Cockroaches are omnivorous, eating almost any animal or vegetable food they discover primarily
through a sense of smell. Most cockroaches are capable of developing on a wide range of food, & their
flattened body form allows them to move into most areas. Cockroach populations have also developed a
high level of resistance to many commonly used insecticides.
Cockroaches (Entries, habitat, Signs of infestation) ✔️✔️Cockroaches can enter buildings & containers
of all kinds. Cockroaches can be carried into homes on grocery sacks, in cardboard boxes, food packages,
