A document with summary notes on:
- The Biodiversity and Classification of Microorganisms (Viruses, Bacteria, Protists and Fungi) and their associated diseases. Immunity in plants and animals, as well as vaccinations and the production of insulin.
- The Biodiversity of Plants (Bryophytes, Pterid...
Biodiversity and Classification of Microorganisms
- Microorganisms that cause diseases are called pathogens
Viruses Bacteria Protists Fungi
- Living and non-living - Under the - Under the - Two main groups
characteristics kingdom kingdom Protista of Fungi:
- Viruses can only Monera - Eukaryotes Macroscopic
reproduce in living - Prokaryotes because they (mushrooms) and
cells, so they are because they HAVE a nucleus Microscopic
obligate have NO - 3 main groups of (bread mould)
intracellular nucleus Protists: Protozoa, - Eukaryotes
parasites. Obligate - Some are Algae and Moulds because they
= compulsory, autotrophs (know examples HAVE a nucleus
intracellular = in a which mean of each) - Structure of
cell, parasite = that they can - Protist structure: Rhizopus/Bread
causes harm make their OWN uni/multicellular Mould:
- Virus structure is a food by and cell wall with Sporangium,
nucleic acid and a photosynthesis cellulose, some Sporangiophore,
capsid (protein - Most are have cilia or Spores, Stolon,
capsule) heterotrophic flagella to move Rhizoid, Hyphae
- Contain either RNA which means (branched
- Some eat by
or DNA (never both) that they filaments that
phagocytosis
- Acellular (no cells) cannot make form mycelium)
(surround and
and have no nucleus their own food - Rhizopus is a
engulf their food)
and organelles - Bacterial thallus because
- They reproduce by - Algae can
structure is: photosynthesise it has no true
turning DNA/RNA unicellular, roots, stems
into viral nucleic because they
surrounded by a have chloroplasts and leaves.
acids cell wall, cell - Asexual - No chlorophyll so
- A virus that infects a membrane, are heterotrophic
bacteria cell is called reproduction via
cytoplasm, Binary Fission, and cannot make
a bacteriophage sometimes has their own food.
which is when a
ribosomes and cell divides into - Some Fungi are
nucleoid two cells with saprophytes
(contains DNA). identical DNA. which means that
Some bacteria - Most protists they eat dead
have a flagella live in water plant material
(helps to move) - Reproduce
- Bacteria shapes asexually and
are: bacilli, sexually.
cocci, spiral and Asexually through
vibrio binary fission of
spores and
Sexually through
using gametes
Role of Microorganisms and maintaining balance in the environment
- Bacteria and protists(algae) are autotrophic so they can make their own food by
photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (using chemical energy to make food)
- Bacteria and protists are producers (first in food chain)
, - Some bacteria and fungi are saprophytic, so they break down dead plant
material which can then be used by the environment.
- Bacteria play a role in the Nitrogen cycle: Nodule bacteria convert Nitrogen gas
into nitrates so plants can use it. Ammonia is converted into nitrates by the
nitrifying bacteria so that the nitrates can be used by the plant. Ammonia and
nitrates can also be converted into Nitrogen gas and released into the air by
denitrifying bacteria.
- Bacteria and algae maintain balance between O2 and CO2: They use carbon
dioxide and releaseO2 during photosynthesis
Diseases caused by Microorganisms
HIV/AIDS TB Malaria Candida/Thrush
- Caused by a - Caused by - Caused by - Caused by
virus Mycobacteriu Plasmodium Candida
- Infects cells in m protist fungus
the immune tuberculosis - Spread by - Conditions
system bacteria female that
- Destroys CD4 - Affects lungs Anopheles increase
cells in the - Spread mosquito Candida:
immune system through air (acts as a warm and
and makes the droplets vector) moist
immune system - Treated by - Multiples in conditions,
weak antibiotics, the liver and using too
- Weak immune which need caused red much
system causes to be taken blood cells to antibiotics,
different for a full 6 burst weak
infections which months, - Treated with immune
can lead to without anti-malarial system,
death. skipping days drugs such bad diet
- No cure, but otherwise Tb as Quinine. - Treated
treatments bacteria will - Prevention with
include ARVS get resistant by spraying probiotics,
which decrease to insecticides improved
the virus in the antibiotics. to kill hygiene
body mosquitoes and
and also with balanced
vaccines. diet
Immunity
- Immunity refers to the way in which a plant or animal is able to fight an
infection.
Immune responses in plants:
- The first line of defence in plants includes the waxy cuticle, bark and the
closely packed epidermal cells which protects them from invading micro-
organisms.
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