Summary
Ontwikkelingspsychologie - Samenvatting Boek (Developmental Psychology)
- Course
- Institution
- Book
Samenvatting van H1-H16 van Developmental Psychology (Ontwikkelingspsychologie) 0 dikgedrukte begrippen 0 plaatjes
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
Ontwikkelingspsychologie - Aantekeningen Hoorcolleges
-
Developmental psychology - hoofdstuk 1 - inleiding in de ontwikkelingspsychologie
-
Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Seller
Follow
nathaliej
Reviews received
Content preview
Ch1. Developmental Psychology: Themes and contextsDevelopmental psychology = seeks to identify and describe changes in
the way we think and behave, and to uncover the developmental
processes that drive these changes what changes and how?
Levels of explanation:
- Our social interactions (e.g. between infant and parent)
- Our thought processes (e.g. improvements in memory)
- More biological level (e.g. maturation of our brain areas)
First observational biography of his own child – Charles Darwin
Themes of development
Key themes related to psychological growth:
- Origins of human behavior: inheritance and environment
- Specificity or generality of change (does change happen to all
the child’s thinking or behavior at the same time, or just part of it):
continuity vs discontinuity
- Individual and contextual forces that define and drive
development
based on biological, cognitive, linguistic, emotional and social aspects of
development
Origins of human behavior: inheritance and environment
Nature vs nurture = how we should understand the relationship between
inheritance and environment today we see it more as a combination
- Nature = aangeboren biologische factoren, mens is hoe hij is
- Nurture = omgevings- en ervaringsfactoren
nativism vs empiricism
E.g. The combination of the child’s inherited characteristics, and the
abusive environment, puts a child at risk
Interaction between inheritance and environment is active = dynamic
processes to which developing children themselves make an active and
vital contribution
Describing developmental change: continuity vs discontinuity
Continuous development = development is continuous, whereby each
new event builds on earlier experiences in a cumulative / quantitative way.
Discontinuous development = rather qualitative change, series of
discrete steps or stages in which behaviors get reorganized into a
qualitatively new set of behaviors.
,Overlapping waves
Critical and sensitive periods
Critical period = age during which certain experiences are required for
development to proceed in a typical way
Sensitive periode = age range at which specific experiences are optimal
for development to occur in a typical way
Domain-general or domain-specific development
Domain-general influence = development proceeds dependently in
different domains
Domain-specific viewpoint = viewpoint in which development proceeds
relatively independently in different domains (e.g. progress in math, leads
to little influence on other domains)
Locus of developmental change
Levels of explanation = the different locus of change are not mutually
exclusive?
Perspectives on development
- Individual development = development of the individual as an
interaction between genes and environment
‘Sleeper’ effects = cope well initially but exhibit problems later in life
- Cultural context
- Biological perspective: our brain and neurons influence our
behavior
- Ecological perspective = stresses importance of not only
relationships between developing organism (e.g. child) and
environmental systems, but also the relationships among these
environmental systems.
- microsystem = setting in which the child lives and interacts with
the people closest to her
- mesosystem = interrelations among the components of the
microsystem (e.g. parents interact with teachers)
- exosystem = impinge on child’s development but with which the
child has indirect contact (parent’s work etc.)
- macrosystem = ideological and institutional patterns of culture
chronosystem = these four systems change over time (puberty,
illness, birth of sibling, divorce)
, - Lifespan = not too focused on childhood but across the lifespan,
also incorporates historical factors that can influence psychological
development
- age cohort effect = group of individuals who were born in the
same year of same historical period of time
- Psychology and developmental psychology = bigger picture of
psychology is needed to make sense of what we study
Ch2. Theories in developmental psychology
Developmental theories
- Help organize and integrate existing information into coherent,
interesting and plausible accounts of how children develop
- Generate testable hypotheses or prediction about children’s
behavior
Origins of thought about human development
John Locke: tabula rasa = infants are born into the world as a ‘blank
state’
Descartes: rationalism, minds imposes some kind of order on the
environment to comprehend it.
Nativism = emphasize nature and inheritance
- Born with knowledge through evolutionary psychology
Empiricism = emphasize role of nurture and environment in development
Behaviorism = development is characterized by continuous and gradual
changes in behavior, rather than in shifts or stages.
- John Watson
- Changes in behavior are driven by experience
- Classical conditioning = whether behaviors are conditioned (dog
salivating when seeing food
- Operant conditioning = in which new behaviors are learned in
response to a specific stimulus, manipulation of the consequences of
behavior (providing a reward to encourage that ‘stimulus response’)
postitive reinforcement, punishment, withdrawel
Maturational approach = ‘biological timetables’ of development were
set out in advance by the genes of our species
Psychodynamic approach
- Sigmund Freud: personality consists of thee interrelated parts:
- the id = instinctual drives
- the ego = rational, gradually controls id, what is socially
appropriate
- the superego = emerges when the child internalizes (= accepts
and absorbs parental or societal morals, values and roles) and
developes a conscience to apply moral values to her own acts\
- Personality development = changes in organization and interaction
of id, ego and superego, involves five stages:
- oral = young infant explores sucking, eating, biting
- anal = toilet
- phallic = curiosity about sexual anatomy
- latency = sexual. Drives are submerged
- genital = sexual desires
, - Psychosocial theory of human development = Erik Erikson sees
the development through eight stages that the individual must
accomplish
Ethological theory = developed by biologists, behavior must be
viewed as occurring in a particular context, and as having adaptive or
survival value in relation to its biology.
- Observation of children in their natural surroundings
Grand theories of cognitive development
Cognitive = memory, logic, and language
- Social learning theory
- observational learning = observing and imitating others, how
well they learn this behavior depends on four cognitive processes.
1. Attend to a behavior
2. Retain the behavior in the memory
3. Have the capacity to reproduce the behavior
4. Motivated to reproduce the behavior
- Piaget’s constructionism = children’s thinking changes
qualitatively with age. Development results from their own theories
and testing them, actively acquire the environment children are
‘little scientists’
- Three periods of cognitive development with own way of thinking
1. Infants: sensory and motor abilities
2. School years: logic
3. Adolescence: abstract ideas
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller nathaliej. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R153,72. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
49497 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 14 years now