These are full and comprehensive notes, aimed at 1st years who are studying biological sciences or biochemistry.
They are notes based on the lecture content of Imperial College London's Biochemistry 1st year module, Cell Biology.
These notes cover topics such as:
- cell membranes
- extracellular ...
CHAPTER 09 VISUALIZING CELLS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, SIXTH EDITION BRUCE ALBERTS TEST BANK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY A+
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Autumn Term 2019
Cell Biology
Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
,Contents
L3: Techniques (AH) ................................................................................................................................ 6
L5: Introduction to Cell Membranes (AH) ............................................................................................. 11
How Are Membranes Used by Cells? ................................................................................................ 11
What Are Cell Membranes Made Of? ............................................................................................... 12
Amphipathic Lipids and Their Influence on Properties of Cell Membranes ..................................... 12
Membrane Fluidity............................................................................................................................ 13
Role of Water in Cell Membrane Function ....................................................................................... 15
Fluidity of Lipid Bilayer Depends on its Composition ....................................................................... 15
Lipid Asymmetry ............................................................................................................................... 16
Membrane Proteins .......................................................................................................................... 17
Glycosylated Membrane Proteins..................................................................................................... 19
L6: Introduction to Extracellular Matrix (AH) ....................................................................................... 21
Introduction to ECM ......................................................................................................................... 21
How Is the ECM Made? ..................................................................................................................... 22
3 Major Classes of ECM Macromolecules ......................................................................................... 22
Composition and Functions of the Basal Lamina and other ECM ..................................................... 26
L7: Cell Signalling (AH) .......................................................................................................................... 29
Introduction to Cell Signalling & Features of a Typical Cell Signalling Pathway ............................... 29
Cell Signals Receptors ....................................................................................................................... 30
Nuclear Receptor and Cell Surface Receptor Signalling.................................................................... 34
Intracellular Molecular Signalling Switch Action .............................................................................. 34
L8: Cell Compartments and Architecture (JB) ....................................................................................... 38
Organisation of the Eukaryotic Cell .................................................................................................. 38
Functions and Roles of Each Compartment in the Cell ..................................................................... 39
The Evolutionary Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell ................................................................................. 40
L9: The Nucleus (JB) .............................................................................................................................. 42
Architecture and Organisation of the Nucleus ................................................................................. 42
Movement of Proteins Between Organelles..................................................................................... 43
Architecture and Organisation of the Nuclear Pore Complex .......................................................... 43
Key Studies that Led to the Discovery of Active Nuclear Transport ................................................. 44
Nuclear Localisation Signals (NLS) .................................................................................................... 44
The RAN GTPase Cycle for Import/Export ........................................................................................ 45
Different Models for How Transport Through the NPC Might Work ............................................... 48
L10: Secretion (JB) ................................................................................................................................. 50
Structure and Functions of the RER and SER .................................................................................... 50
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, Secretory Pathway ............................................................................................................................ 51
Different Mechanisms of Translocation ........................................................................................... 51
How the Sec Translocon Works ........................................................................................................ 55
Different Types of Membrane Proteins and the ER Membrane ....................................................... 57
L11: The Golgi (JB) ................................................................................................................................. 60
Structure and Function of the Golgi ................................................................................................. 60
Modifications that Occur in the Golgi ............................................................................................... 63
Structure and Function of the Lysosome .......................................................................................... 64
Routes to the Lysosome .................................................................................................................... 66
Failure of Activity in the Lysosome and Severe Genetic Disorders .................................................. 67
L12: Vesicles (JB) ................................................................................................................................... 69
Roles of COPI, COPII and Clathrin ..................................................................................................... 69
How Do Vesicle Trafficking Machineries Work? ............................................................................... 70
Vesicle Fusion with the Target .......................................................................................................... 74
Secretion of Proteins to Outside World ............................................................................................ 76
L13: Exocytosis (AH) .............................................................................................................................. 77
Introduction to Exocytosis ................................................................................................................ 77
Functions of Exocytosis ..................................................................................................................... 77
Two Main Types of Exocytosis .......................................................................................................... 78
Basic Mechanism of Constitutive and Regulated Exocytosis ............................................................ 78
Clinical Relevance of Exocytosis ........................................................................................................ 81
L14: Endocytosis (AH) ........................................................................................................................... 82
Introduction to Endocytosis .............................................................................................................. 82
Functions and Types of Endocytosis ................................................................................................. 83
Clinical Relevance.............................................................................................................................. 88
L15 & 16: Cell Cycle (DM)...................................................................................................................... 89
Introduction to the Cell Cycle ........................................................................................................... 89
Key Events in Eukaryotic Cell Cycle ................................................................................................... 89
Cytoskeletal Changes Underlying M Phase – Chromosome Migration ............................................ 98
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression................................................................................................. 99
How Growth Factors Regulate the Restriction Point ...................................................................... 104
L17: Apoptosis (DM)............................................................................................................................ 106
Key Differences Between Apoptosis and Necrosis ......................................................................... 106
Regulators and Mediators of Apoptosis ......................................................................................... 107
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways Leading to Apoptosis ................................................................... 108
Characteristics of Apoptosis ........................................................................................................... 111
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, L18 & 19: Cancer (DM) ........................................................................................................................ 113
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 113
Main Causes of Cancer.................................................................................................................... 116
Importance of Clonal Selection in Tumour Progression ................................................................. 118
Oncogenes & Tumour Suppressor Genes ....................................................................................... 119
Use of Viruses in Understanding Cancer Biology ............................................................................ 120
Molecular Functions of Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes.............................................. 124
L20: Peroxisomes (AH) ........................................................................................................................ 125
Structure ......................................................................................................................................... 125
How Are They Made?...................................................................................................................... 126
Protein Import into Peroxisomes .................................................................................................... 127
Oxidation of Amino Acids & Fatty Acids ......................................................................................... 127
Other Peroxisome Functions/Processes ......................................................................................... 127
Clinical Importance of Peroxisomes................................................................................................ 128
L21: The Core Cytoskeleton of Cells (JB) ............................................................................................. 129
How the Cytoskeleton Is Built Up ................................................................................................... 129
Functions of the Cytoskeleton ........................................................................................................ 130
Intermediate Filaments................................................................................................................... 130
Actin ................................................................................................................................................ 132
Microtubules ................................................................................................................................... 133
Dynamics Require Energy and Polarity ........................................................................................... 134
Phases of a Dynamic Filament ........................................................................................................ 134
Critical Concentration ..................................................................................................................... 135
Treadmilling .................................................................................................................................... 136
Dynamic Instability.......................................................................................................................... 138
Why be Dynamic? ........................................................................................................................... 138
Principles of Cytoskeleton Function and Evolution ........................................................................ 139
L22: Regulation of the Cytoskeleton (JB) ............................................................................................ 140
Phases of a Dynamic Filament ........................................................................................................ 140
Nucleation ....................................................................................................................................... 140
Microtubule Organising Centre (MTOC) ......................................................................................... 142
Actin Binding Proteins ..................................................................................................................... 144
Microtubule Binding Proteins ......................................................................................................... 148
L23: Molecular Motors (JB) ................................................................................................................. 152
Molecular Motors ........................................................................................................................... 152
Myosin Motors ................................................................................................................................ 152
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