These comprehensive **Psychology 144 notes** provide an in-depth exploration of developmental psychology, offering a clear understanding of human growth across physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional domains. They delve into foundational theories such as Piaget’s stages of cognitive development,...
Test Content: Excluded Sections
(if it’s not on this slide, it is testable/examinable)
• Chapter 3
• “Bonding between infants and caregivers” pg. 74 – 75
• Box 3.9 “Are the needs of children affected by HIV/AIDS being adequately
addressed”
• “Play in Preschool Years” pg. 80 – 81
• “Early childhood development programmes” pg. 81
• “Promoting resilience in children” pg. 81 – 82
• “Play in middle childhood” pg 83 – 84
• Chapter 4
• Box 4.4 “Identity vs Subjectivity”
• “Gender & Sexual Identity” pg. 103 – 104 (you’ll be covering this topic with Dr
Moodley.
• Boxes 4.8, 4.9 & 4.10 (interesting reading for enrichment though).
Development:
Lifelong process the extends into late adulthood
All areas of human development from parental development to death
Domains: physical, cognitive and socio-emotional development
All development is interrelated and interactive
Physical development
Prenatal development Factors influencing on prenatal development:
Conception to birth 1. Maternal nutrition
9 months 2. Maternal stress and emotion
Important development stages (epinephrine, norepinephrine..)
1. Germinal 3. Drug use (alcohol - FAS, smoking, other
- 0-2 week substances, prescription drugs)
- Conception: sperm fertilises ovum. 4. Maternal illness and psychopathology
Zygote is formed (rubella, syphilis and HIV)
- Rapid cell division occurs
2. Embryonic
- 2-8 week
- Development of placenta and umbilical cord
- Vital organs emerge
- Vulnerable time
, - Embryo in sac surrounded by amniotic fluid
3. Foetal
- 8-birth
- Muscles and bones form
- Sex organs develop
- Brain cells multiply
- 26 weeks (7 months): viability is reaches (baby could survive prematurely)
- 26-28 weeks: survival rate of 85%
Neonatal period
2 to 4 weeks
Transition from uterus to environment
Display more than 20 reflexes
- Involuntary responses
- Important for survival (sucking and swallowing_
Perceptual development
- Vision
Not fully developed
Cannot coordinate movement of the eyes
Blurry vision
Can see about 21 cm
Like sharp contrasts
- Hearing
Can distinguish voices
Preference for moms voice
Like baby talk
- Taste and smell
Preschool period
Cephalocaudal developmental trend
- Head downward
- Trunk grows fastest
- Gain muscle over head, then neck, then arms, then abdomen then legs
- By age one, birth weight has tripled
- At 2 years, head is about a quarter to your body
Proximodistal development trend
- Gross motor skills: large body movements
- Fine motor skills: small body movements
- From centre outwards, gross motor skills develop faster than fine motor skills
- Preference for dominant hand shows
- Environment plays a big role
Middle childhood
6 to puberty
Increase in strength and muscle control
Gross and fine motor skills improve
Improvement in hand eye coordination
Quality of care, nutrition and illnesses influence physical growth and development
Frontal lobe develops
, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Age related changes that occur in mental activities such as paying attention, perceiving, learning,
thinking and remembering
Transition in children’s thinking and reasoning
Jean Piget: interaction with the environment and maturation gradually alters the way children
think
Occurs in 2 processes
1. Assimilation: interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without
changing them
2. Accommodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
Piaget proposed that children’s thought processes go through a series of stages:
1. Sensorimotor
- Develops coordination of sensory input and motor response
- Reflex response to goal directed activity
- Understands cause and effect
- Learn by doing, look, touch and sucking
- Use memory, imitation and thought
- Symbolic representation
- Object permanence: recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are no
longer visible
2. Preoperational (2-7)
- Symbolic thought
- Pretend play
- Flaws in their reasoning
Irreversibility: inability to reverse an action
Centration: tendency to focus on one feature of a problem
Egocentrism: limited ability to share another’s viewpoint
Animism: belief that all things are living
- Lack conservation in their thinking
Cannot understand that quantities can remain the same regardless of changes
in appearance
- Language development
Birth: undifferentiated crying
After first month: distinguished cries
6-8 weeks: cooing sounds
4 months: consonant vowel stage
6-7 months: babbling starts to resemble a language
12 months: 1st word
18 months: 50 words
24 months: enough words to communicate meaning
3-6 years: sentence length increases , vocab of approx 10 000 words
3. Concrete operational (7-11)
- Thinking becomes less egocentric and logical
Conservation: properties of objects do not change because their form changes
Reversibility: one operation can be reversed by the effects of another
Compensation: (incomplete)
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