, M A S T E R
anatomy your way.
These Gray’s Anatomy resources work together to promote a vivid, visual understanding
that will carry you through your dissection labs, course exams, and beyond!
Drake, Vogl & Mitchell Drake, Vogl, Mitchell, Drake & Vogl Loukas
Gray’s Anatomy for Students, Tibbitts & Richardson Gray’s Anatomy for Students & Carmichael
2nd Edition Gray’s Atlas of Anatomy Flash Cards Gray’s Anatomy Review
2010. 1150 pp. 1610 ills. Soft-cover 2008. 576 pp. 1,400 ills. Soft-cover 2005. 324 flash cards with Student Jan. 2009. Soft cover.
book with Student Consult online book plus full-text online access. Consult online access. ISBN: 978-0-443-06938-3.
access. ISBN: 978-0-443-06952-9 ISBN: 978-0-443-06721-1. ISBN: 978-0-443-06910-9.
Drake, Vogl & Mitchell
Dorland’s/Gray’s Pocket Atlas of Anatomy
Celebrating 150 years as the
2008. 608 pp. 800 ills. Soft cover. ultimate word in anatomical certainty
ISBN: 978-0-443-06761-7.
Morton, Peterson & Albertine
Gray’s Dissection Guide for Human
Anatomy, 2nd Edition
2007. 568 pp. 400 ills. Soft-cover manual
with Student Consult online access.
ISBN: 978-0-443-06951-2.
Standring
Drake & Lowrie
Vogl
Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis
Case-Directed Anatomy Online to of Clinical Practice, 40th Edition
Accompany Gray’s Anatomy for Students Expert Consult • Online and Print
2009. Online.
2009. 1,700 pp. 1,200 ills. Print and Online Access.
For more information or to purchase, visit
evolve.elsevier.com ISBN: 978-0-443-06684-9.
Get the edge you need for an optimal mastery of anatomy.
Pick up your copies today!
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,GRAY’S
Anatomy
for Students
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
,Richard L. Drake, PhD
Director of Anatomy
Professor of Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
United States of America
A. Wayne Vogl, PhD
Professor of Anatomy & Cell Biology
Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada
Adam W. M. Mitchell, MBBS, FRCS, FRCR
Joint Head of Graduate Entry Anatomy
Imperial College
University of London
Consultant Radiologist
Department of Imaging
Charing Cross Hospital
London
United Kingdom
Illustrations by
Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson
Photographs by
Ansell Horn
,GRAY’S
Anatomy
for Students
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Richard L. Drake
A. Wayne Vogl
Adam W. M. Mitchell
,1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
GRAY’S ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS
Second Edition Domestic Edition with Student Consult Online Access: ISBN: 978-0-443-06952-9
International Edition with Student Consult Online Access: ISBN: 978-0-8089-2406-7
Copyright © 2010, 2005 by Churchill Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly
from Elsevier’s Rights Department: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (+44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax:
(+44) 1865 853333; e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request
on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment, and drug therapy may become necessary or
appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures
featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended
dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the
responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to
make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take
all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the
Authors assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or
related to any use of the material contained in this book.
The Publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Drake, Richard L., Ph.D.
Gray’s anatomy for students / Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, and Adam W. M. Mitchell;
illustrations by Richard M. Tibbitts and Paul E. Richardson; photographs by Ansell Horn.—2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-443-06952-9
1. Human anatomy. I. Vogl, Wayne. II. Mitchell, Adam W. M. III. Gray, Henry, 1825–1861.
Gray’s anatomy. IV. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Anatomy. QS 4 D762g 2010]
QM23.2.D73 2010
612—dc22 2008046822
Executive Editor: William Schmitt
Managing Editor: Rebecca Gruliow
Publishing Services Manager: Linda Van Pelt
Project Manager: Frank Morales
Design Direction: Lou Forgione
Marketing Manager: Allan McKeown
Working together to grow
libraries in developing countries
Printed in Canada www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
,Editorial review board
Anthony M. Adinolfi, PhD Edward T. Bersu, PhD Sou-De Cheng, PhD
Adjunct Professor Emeritus, Department Professor of Anatomy Associate Professor and Chairman,
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department of Anatomy Department of Anatomy
UCLA School of Medicine University of Wisconsin Medical School College of Medicine
Los Angeles, California, USA Madison, Wisconsin, USA Chang Gung University
T’aoyüan, Taiwan
Kurt H. Albertine, PhD Homero Felipe Bianchi, MD
Professor of Pediatrics Third Chair, Department of Normal Hee-Jung Cho, MD, PhD
Medicine (Adjunct), Neurobiology and Human Anatomy Professor, Department of Anatomy
Anatomy (Adjunct) Faculty of Medicine School of Medicine
The University of Utah School of Medicine University of Buenos Aires Kyungpook National University
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Buenos Aires, Argentina Daegu, Korea
Gail Amort-Larson, MScOT David L. Bolender, PhD Patricia Collins, BSc, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Associate Professor, Department of Cell Associate Professor
Occupational Therapy Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy Licensed Teacher of Anatomy
Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine Medical College of Wisconsin Anglo-European College of Chiropractic
University of Alberta Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA Bournemouth, UK
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Walter R. Buck, PhD Maria H. Czuzak, PhD
Judith E. Anderson, PhD Professor and Chair Academic Specialist—Anatomical
Professor, Department of Human Department of Structural Medicine Instructor
Anatomy and Cell Sciences Rocky Vista University Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy
Faculty of Medicine, University of College of Osteopathic Medicine University of Arizona
Manitoba Centennial, Colorado, USA Tucson, Arizona, USA
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Stephen W. Carmichael, PhD, DSc P. H. Dangerfield, MD, ILTM
S. P. Banumathy, MS, PhD Professor and Chair Emeritus, Department Senior Lecturer, Department of Human
Director and Professor, Institute of of Anatomy Anatomy and Cell Biology
Anatomy Mayo Clinic College of Medicine University of Liverpool
Madurai Medical College Rochester, Minnesota, USA Liverpool, UK
Madurai, India
Wayne Carver, PhD Jan Drukker, MD, PhD
David H. Bechhofer, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Emeritus Professor of Anatomy and
Professor, Department of Pharmacology Cell and Developmental Biology and Embryology
and Biological Chemistry Anatomy Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Mount Sinai School of Medicine University of South Carolina School of Faculty of Medicine
New York, New York, USA Medicine University of Maastricht
Columbia, South Carolina, USA Maastricht, The Netherlands
N. Barry Berg, PhD
Assistant Dean John Chemnitz, MD Julian J. Dwornik, BA, MSc, PhD
Director, Gross Anatomy Associate Professor, Department of Professor of Anatomy, Department of
Department of Cell and Developmental Anatomy and Neurobiology Anatomy
Biology Southern University of Denmark University of South Florida College of
SUNY Upstate Medical University Odense, Denmark Medicine
Syracuse, New York, USA Tampa, Florida, USA
Shih-Chieh Chen, PhD
Raymond L. Bernor, PhD Associate Professor, Department of John Fitzsimmons, MD
Professor, Department of Anatomy Anatomy Assistant Professor, Radiology
Howard University College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Division of Anatomy
Washington, DC, USA Kaohsiung, Taiwan Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan, USA
v
, Editorial review board
Robert T. Gemmell Jerimiah C. Healy, MA, MBBChir, MRCP, Elizabeth O. Johnson, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of PFCR Assistant Professor, Department of
Anatomy and Developmental Biology Department of Radiology Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
The University of Queensland Chelsea and Westminster Hospital University of Ioannina
St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia Imperial College School of Medicine Ioannina, Greece
London, UK
Gene F. Giggleman, DVM Panagiotis Kanavaros, MD, PhD
Dean of Academics Heikki J. Helminen, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy, Histology and
Parker College of Chiropractic Professor and Chairman Embryology
Dallas, Texas, USA Department of Anatomy University of Ioannina
University of Kuopio Ioannina, Greece
Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot, PhD Kuopio, Finland
Professor, Head of Department Lars Kayser, MD, PhD
Department of Anatomy and Embryology Louis Hermo, BA, MSc, PhD Associate Professor, Department of
Leiden University Medical Center Professor, Department of Anatomy and Medical Anatomy
Leiden, The Netherlands Cell Biology University of Copenhagen
McGill University Copenhagen, Denmark
P. Gopalakrishnakone, MBBS, PhD, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
FAMS, DSc Jeffrey Kerr, PhD
Professor, Department of Anatomy Maxwell T. Hincke, PhD(Alberta) Associate Professor, Department of
Faculty of Medicine Professor and Director, Anatomy Program Anatomy and Cell Biology
National University of Singapore Department of Cellular and Molecular Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health
Singapore Medicine Sciences, Monash University
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
J. R. T. Greene, BSc, MBBS, PhD Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Senior Lecturer, Department of Anatomy Lars Klimaschewski, MD, PhD
University of Bristol J. C. Holstege, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Neuroanatomy
Bristol, UK Associate Professor, Department of Medical University of Innsbruck
Neuroscience Innsbruck, Austria
Santos Guzmán Lopez, PhD Erasmus Medical Center
Chair, Department of Anatomy Rotterdam, The Netherlands Natsis Konstantinos, MD, PhD, BSc
Faculty of Medicine Assistant Professor, Department of
Autonomous University of Nueva León Richard F. Hoyt, Jr, PhD Anatomy
Monterrey, Mexico Associate Professor, Department of Medical School, Aristotle University of
Anatomy and Neurobiology Thessaloniki
Duane E. Haines, PhD Boston University School of Medicine Thessaloniki, Greece
Professor and Chairman Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Professor of Neurosurgery Rachel Koshi, MBBS, MS, PhD
Department of Anatomy Alan W. Hrycyshyn, MS, PhD Professor of Anatomy
The University of Mississippi Medical Professor, Division of Clinical Anatomy Department of Anatomy
Center The University of Western Ontario Christian Medical College
Jackson, Mississippi, USA London, Ontario, Canada Vellore, India
Jostein Halgunset, MD Sezgin Ilgi, PhD Subramaniam Krishnan
Assistant Professor of Anatomy, Professor, Department of Anatomy Professor of Anatomy
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University Head of Department of Anatomy
Children’s and Women’s Health Ankara, Turkey University of Malaya
Faculty of Medicine Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Norwegian University of Science and Kanak Iyer, MBBS, MS
Technology Professor, Department of Anatomy Jeffrey T. Laitman, PhD
Trondheim, Norway K.J. Somaiya Medical College Distinguished Professor of the Mount Sinai
Mumbai, India School of Medicine
Benedikt Hallgrimsson, PhD Professor and Director of Anatomy and
Associate Professor, Department of Cell S. Behnamedin Jameie, MSc, PhD Functional Morphology
Biology and Anatomy Assistant Professor, Department of Professor of Otolaryngology
University of Calgary Anatomy and Cellular and Molecular Center for Anatomy and Functional
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Research Center Morphology
School of Medicine, Basic Science Center Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Tehran, Iran New York, New York, USA
vi
, Editorial review board
Alfonso Llamas, MD, PhD Sandra C. Miller, PhD Shipra Paul
Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Professor, Department of Anatomy and Professor, Department of Anatomy
Department of Anatomy Cell Biology Maulana Azad Medical College
Medical School, Universidad Autónoma McGill University New Delhi, India
de Madrid Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Madrid, Spain Ann Poznanski, PhD
Ian G. Mobbs, PhD Associate Professor, Department of
Grahame J. Louw, DVSc Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy
Professor, Department of Human Biology Anatomy and Neurobiology Midwestern University
Faculty of Health Sciences Dalhousie Medical School Glendale, Arizona, USA
University of Cape Town Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Cape Town, South Africa Francisco A. Prada Elena
John F. Morris, MB, ChB, MD Chair, Department of Anatomy
P.W. Lucas, BSc, PhD Professor, Department of Human Faculty of Medicine, University of Sevilla
Professor, Department of Anatomy Anatomy and Genetics Sevilla, Spain
University of Hong Kong University of Oxford
Hong Kong, China Oxford, UK Matthew A. Pravetz, OFM, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Cell
Liliana D. Macchi Bernard John Moxham Biology and Anatomy
Second Chair, Department of Normal Professor of Anatomy, Deputy Director New York Medical College
Human Anatomy and Head of Teaching Valhalla, New York, USA
Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Cardiff School of Biosciences
Aires Cardiff University Reinhard Putz
Buenos Aires, Argentina Cardiff, UK Professor of Anatomy
Chairman
Henk van Mameren, MD, PhD Helen D. Nicholson, MB, ChB, BSc, MD Institute of Anatomy
Professor, Department of Anatomy and Professor and Chair, Department of Ludwig-Maximilians-University
Embryology Anatomy and Structural Biology Munich, Germany
Faculty of Medicine University of Otago
University of Maastricht Dunedin, New Zealand Ameed Raoof, MD, PhD
Maastricht, The Netherlands Lecturer, Division of Anatomy and
Mark Nielsen Department of Medical Education
Francisco Martinez Sandoval Biology Department University of Michigan Medical School
Director, Institute of Biological Sciences University of Utah Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Guadalajara, Mexico James J. Rechtien, DO
Wei-Yi Ong, DDS, PhD Professor, Division of Anatomy and
Robert S. McCuskey, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Structural Biology
Professor and Head, Department of Cell Anatomy Department of Radiology
Biology and Anatomy Faculty of Medicine, National University of Michigan State University
University of Arizona College of Medicine Singapore East Lansing, Michigan, USA
Tucson, Arizona, USA Singapore
Joy S. Reidenberg, PhD
Martha D. McDaniel, MD Gustavo H. R. A. Otegui Associate Professor, Center for Anatomy
Professor of Anatomy, Surgery and Department of Anatomy and Functional Morphology
Community and Family Medicine University of Buenos Aires Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Chair, Department of Anatomy Buenos Aires, Argentina New York, New York, USA
Dartmouth Medical School
Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Reinhard Pabst Rouel S. Roque, MD
Chair, Department of Functional and Associate Professor, Department of Cell
Lopa A. Mehta, MBBS, MS(Anatomy) Applied Anatomy Biology and Genetics
Senior Professor, Department of Anatomy Medical School of Hanover University of North Texas Health Sciences
Seth G. S. Medical College Hanover, Germany Center
Mumbai, India Forth Worth, Texas, USA
Gigis Panagiotis, MD, PhD
J. H. Meiring, MB, ChB, MpraxMed(Pret) Professor, Department of Anatomy Domingo Ruano Gil
Professor and Head, Department of Medical School, Aristotle University of Director, Department of Anatomy
Anatomy Thessaloniki Faculty of Medicine, University of Central
University of Pretoria Thessaloniki, Greece Barcelona
Pretoria, South Africa Barcelona, Spain
vii
