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Summary Grade 12 Genetic Engineering - Life Science IEB

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These notes have been made using The Answer Series Part I and II. The notes have been made for the use of IEB students. These notes include all that is needed for IEB Finals in Life Science - HOWEVER, these notes should not be used in isolation but rather in conjunction with various other sources a...

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  • August 7, 2020
  • 11
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

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 JFIN 2018JFIN JFIN 20182018


Genetics

Inheritance
 Genetics JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018study JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018heredity JFIN 2018and JFIN 2018variation JFIN 2018in JFIN 2018living JFIN 2018organisms. JFIN 2018
 Heredity JFIN 2018characteristics JFIN 2018are JFIN 2018transferred JFIN 2018by JFIN 2018gametes. JFIN 2018
 Genome JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018complete JFIN 2018set JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018genes JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018particular JFIN 2018organism. JFIN 2018A JFIN 2018copy JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018all JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018
essential JFIN 2018DNA JFIN 2018coding JFIN 2018for JFIN 2018proteins JFIN 2018needed JFIN 2018by JFIN 2018an JFIN 2018organism. JFIN 2018Each JFIN 2018somatic JFIN 2018cell JFIN 2018
possesses JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018set JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018genes. JFIN 2018
 Genes JFIN 2018are JFIN 2018determined JFIN 2018by JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018sequence JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018nitrogenous JFIN 2018bases JFIN 2018on JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018DNA JFIN 2018molecule. JFIN 2018

Gregor Mendell – “father of genetics”:
 Performed JFIN 2018experiments JFIN 2018on JFIN 2018pea JFIN 2018plants JFIN 2018to JFIN 2018study JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018inheritance JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018characteristics JFIN 2018
from JFIN 2018one JFIN 2018generation JFIN 2018to JFIN 2018another. JFIN 2018
 Mendell’s Hereditary Experiments:
 He JFIN 2018studied JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018contrasting JFIN 2018characteristics JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018pea JFIN 2018plant JFIN 2018(tall JFIN 2018vs. JFIN 2018short).
 He JFIN 2018cross JFIN 2018pollinated, JFIN 2018by JFIN 2018cutting JFIN 2018off JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018anthers JFIN 2018and JFIN 2018brushed JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018pollen JFIN 2018onto JFIN 2018
the JFIN 2018stigma.
 True breeding – when JFIN 2018self-pollination JFIN 2018takes JFIN 2018place JFIN 2018and JFIN 2018all JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018offspring JFIN 2018
produced JFIN 2018have JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018same JFIN 2018characteristics JFIN 2018as JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018parents. JFIN 2018Specific JFIN 2018
characteristics JFIN 2018(yellow JFIN 2018vs JFIN 2018green JFIN 2018seeds). JFIN 2018
 Conclusion from Mendell’s experiments:
 One JFIN 2018gene JFIN 2018from JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018gene JFIN 2018pair JFIN 2018is JFIN 2018from JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018mother JFIN 2018and JFIN 2018another JFIN 2018from JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018father.
The JFIN 2018gene JFIN 2018pair JFIN 2018is JFIN 2018carried JFIN 2018on JFIN 2018two JFIN 2018chromosomes JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018homologous JFIN 2018pair.
 Alleles – alternative JFIN 2018forms JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018same JFIN 2018gene, JFIN 2018different JFIN 2018alleles JFIN 2018contain JFIN 2018
different JFIN 2018information JFIN 2018about JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018same JFIN 2018characteristic. JFIN 2018
 Dominant allele – JFIN 2018expresses JFIN 2018itself. JFIN 2018
 Recessive allele – JFIN 2018not JFIN 2018visibly JFIN 2018expressed. JFIN 2018

JFIN 2018Genotypes and Phenotypes:
 Genotype – the JFIN 2018composition JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018gene JFIN 2018pair JFIN 2018(2 JFIN 2018alleles). JFIN 2018
 An JFIN 2018organism’s JFIN 2018genotype JFIN 2018is JFIN 2018represented JFIN 2018by JFIN 20182 JFIN 2018letters, JFIN 2018each JFIN 2018letter JFIN 2018represents JFIN 2018one JFIN 2018allele JFIN 2018
of JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018gene JFIN 2018that JFIN 2018controls JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018trait. JFIN 2018
 A JFIN 2018capital JFIN 2018letter JFIN 2018represents JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018dominant JFIN 2018allele JFIN 2018and JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018small JFIN 2018letter JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018recessive JFIN 2018allele.
 The JFIN 2018capital JFIN 2018letter JFIN 2018must JFIN 2018always JFIN 2018be JFIN 2018first JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018dominant JFIN 2018allele. JFIN 2018
 Phenotype – the JFIN 2018observable JFIN 2018characteristics JFIN 2018(physical JFIN 2018appearance). JFIN 2018

Homozygous and Heterozygous:
 Homozygous – when JFIN 20182 JFIN 2018alleles JFIN 2018for JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018particular JFIN 2018characteristic JFIN 2018on JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018‘homo’ JFIN 2018
JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 JFIN 2018 – JFIN 2018same.
homozygous JFIN 2018chromosome JFIN 2018are JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018same (TT JFIN 2018or JFIN 2018tt). ‘hetero’ JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018different.
 Heterozygous – JFIN 2018when JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018alleles JFIN 2018differ from JFIN 2018each JFIN 2018other JFIN 2018(Tt). JFIN 2018

Meiosis and the Separation of Alleles:
 During JFIN 2018meiosis, JFIN 2018homologous JFIN 2018chromosome JFIN 2018pairs JFIN 2018separate JFIN 2018from JFIN 2018each JFIN 2018other. JFIN 2018
 Thus, JFIN 2018each JFIN 2018gamete JFIN 2018that JFIN 2018is JFIN 2018produced JFIN 2018receives JFIN 2018only JFIN 2018one JFIN 2018allele JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018gene JFIN 2018pair. JFIN 2018

Somatic Cells:
Genetics JFIN 2018& JFIN 2018Genetic JFIN 2018Engineering JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018Adapted JFIN 2018from JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018Answer JFIN 2018Series JFIN 2018Part JFIN 2018I 

,  JFIN 2018JFIN JFIN 20182018


 Homologous JFIN 2018pairs JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018chromosomes. JFIN 2018
 2 JFIN 2018alleles JFIN 2018for JFIN 2018every JFIN 2018gene. JFIN 2018
 Diploid. JFIN 2018
Gametes:
 No JFIN 2018homologous JFIN 2018pairs. JFIN 2018
 Only JFIN 2018one JFIN 2018allele JFIN 2018for JFIN 2018every JFIN 2018gene. JFIN 2018
 Haploid. JFIN 2018

Monohybrid Crosses:
 A JFIN 2018cross JFIN 2018where JFIN 2018only JFIN 20181 JFIN 2018hereditary JFIN 2018characteristic JFIN 2018is JFIN 2018investigated JFIN 2018at JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018time. JFIN 2018
 Requirements JFIN 2018for JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018genetic JFIN 2018cross:
 P1 JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018genotype JFIN 2018(first JFIN 2018paternal JFIN 2018generation). JFIN 2018
 P1 JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018phenotype. JFIN 2018
 Gametes JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018meiosis occurs JFIN 2018here.
 F1 JFIN 2018genotype JFIN 2018(first JFIN 2018offspring) JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018fertilization occurs JFIN 2018here. JFIN 2018
 F1 JFIN 2018phenotype. JFIN 2018
 Mendell JFIN 2018crossed JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018homozygous JFIN 2018tall JFIN 2018plant JFIN 2018with JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018homozygous JFIN 2018short JFIN 2018plant JFIN 2018(all JFIN 2018seeds JFIN 2018
produced JFIN 2018are JFIN 2018tall JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018TT JFIN 2018x JFIN 2018tt).
 Each JFIN 2018gamete JFIN 2018only JFIN 2018carries JFIN 2018one JFIN 2018gene JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018gene JFIN 2018pair JFIN 2018(T JFIN 2018x JFIN 2018t).
 Fertilization JFIN 2018occurs JFIN 2018which JFIN 2018forms JFIN 2018Tt JFIN 2018in JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018zygote. JFIN 2018
 All JFIN 2018offspring JFIN 2018will JFIN 2018be JFIN 2018heterozygous. JFIN 2018
 Mendell JFIN 2018went JFIN 2018further JFIN 2018and JFIN 2018allowed JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018F1 JFIN 2018generation JFIN 2018plants JFIN 2018(genotype JFIN 2018Tt) JFIN 2018to JFIN 2018self-
pollinate. JFIN 2018(produced JFIN 2018small JFIN 2018and JFIN 2018tall JFIN 2018plants): JFIN 2018
 When JFIN 20182 JFIN 2018heterozygous JFIN 2018plants JFIN 2018are JFIN 2018crossed:
 Phenotype JFIN 2018– JFIN 20183:1 JFIN 2018(tall:short).
 Genotype JFIN 2018– JFIN 20181:2:1 JFIN 2018(TT:Tt:tt). JFIN 2018
 75% JFIN 2018tall, JFIN 201825% JFIN 2018short. JFIN 2018

Complete Dominance:
 An JFIN 2018example JFIN 2018would JFIN 2018be JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018homozygous JFIN 2018tall JFIN 2018crossing JFIN 2018with JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018homozygous JFIN 2018short, JFIN 2018which JFIN 2018
results JFIN 2018in JFIN 2018only JFIN 2018tall JFIN 2018in JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018first JFIN 2018generation. JFIN 2018
 Only JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018effect JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018dominant JFIN 2018allele JFIN 2018is JFIN 2018expressed. JFIN 2018

Test Crosses:
 An JFIN 2018organism JFIN 2018may JFIN 2018be JFIN 2018homozygous JFIN 2018or JFIN 2018heterozygous. JFIN 2018
 This JFIN 2018means JFIN 2018that JFIN 2018an JFIN 2018organism’s JFIN 2018phenotype JFIN 2018may JFIN 2018have JFIN 2018two JFIN 2018possible JFIN 2018genotypes JFIN 2018(TT) JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018
homozygous, JFIN 2018(Tt) JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018heterozygous. JFIN 2018
 The JFIN 2018genotype JFIN 2018cannot JFIN 2018simply JFIN 2018be JFIN 2018determined JFIN 2018by JFIN 2018looking JFIN 2018at JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018phenotype. JFIN 2018
 If JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018genotypes JFIN 2018of JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018parents JFIN 2018are JFIN 2018unknown, JFIN 2018use JFIN 2018a JFIN 2018test JFIN 2018cross. JFIN 2018
 May JFIN 2018be JFIN 2018more JFIN 2018than JFIN 2018one JFIN 2018possibility. JFIN 2018
 The JFIN 2018following JFIN 2018conclusions JFIN 2018may JFIN 2018be JFIN 2018drawn:
 If JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018offspring JFIN 2018expresses JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018dominant JFIN 2018characteristic, JFIN 2018then JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018parent JFIN 2018is JFIN 2018
homozygous JFIN 2018(TT). JFIN 2018
 If JFIN 2018there JFIN 2018are JFIN 2018any JFIN 2018recessive JFIN 2018offspring, JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018parent JFIN 2018is JFIN 2018heterozygous. JFIN 2018

Incomplete Dominance:

Genetics JFIN 2018& JFIN 2018Genetic JFIN 2018Engineering JFIN 2018– JFIN 2018Adapted JFIN 2018from JFIN 2018the JFIN 2018Answer JFIN 2018Series JFIN 2018Part JFIN 2018I 

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