The ONLY notes you will need for the PYC4809 Exam!!
Worked out answers for ALL the possible 25 point Essay Questions of past exams (2016/2017/2018/2019). Total of 50 pages.This is the ONLY notes you will need for the exam.
, Contents
The Counsellor: Person and Professional ......................................................................................................................... 3
OCTOBER 2019 .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
OCTOBER 2018 .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
JANUARY 2017 .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
JANUARY 2016 .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Ethical Issues in Counselling Practice ................................................................................................................................ 8
JANUARY 2019 .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
OCTOBER 2017 .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
OCTOBER 2016 .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Existential Therapy .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
OCTOBER 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
OCTOBER 2018 ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
JANUARY 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
OCTOBER 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
OCTOBER 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
JANUARY 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Person-Centred Therapy ................................................................................................................................................. 20
JANUARY 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
OCTOBER 2018 ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
OCTOBER 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
JANUARY 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
OCTOBER 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 21
Gestalt Therapy ............................................................................................................................................................... 27
OCTOBER 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
JANUARY 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
Behaviour Therapy .......................................................................................................................................................... 32
OCTOBER 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 32
JANUARY 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 32
OCTOBER 2018 ............................................................................................................................................................ 32
JANUARY 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 32
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy ............................................................................................................................. 36
OCTOBER 2018 ............................................................................................................................................................ 36
JANUARY 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 36
Choice Therapy / Reality Therapy ................................................................................................................................... 41
OCTOBER 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
JANUARY 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
OCTOBER 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
, JANUARY 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
OCTOBER 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
JANUARY 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy ...................................................................................................................................... 44
OCTOBER 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
JANUARY 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
OCTOBER 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
OCTOBER 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
JANUARY 2016 ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
Narrative Therapy ........................................................................................................................................................... 46
JANUARY 2019 ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
OCTOBER 2018 ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
OCTOBER 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 47
OCTOBER 2016. ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
JANUARY 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 47
, The Counsellor: Person and Professional
OCTOBER 2019
It is no longer tenable to assume that practicing psychotherapy is value-neutral.
Discuss this statement critically, referring to the role of values in counselling and the role
of values in developing goals. (25)
OCTOBER 2018
Discuss the role of values in the counselling process and in developing therapeutic goals.
(25)
1. Introduction
It is not reasonable to assume that practicing psychotherapy is value neutral.
It is therefore vital that counsellors are aware of their own values, of where and how they
acquired them and how their values can influence interventions with clients.
2. The role of values:
2.1 in counselling:
o Values can be defined as the core beliefs that influence how we act, both in our
personal and professional life.
o Personal values influence how counsellors view counselling and the manner in which
counsellors interact with clients.
o Counsellors must apply bracketing: manage their personal values so that they do not
contaminate the counselling process.
o The counsellor’s task is to help clients explore and clarify their beliefs and apply their
values to solving their problems.
o Counsellors must have the ability to work with a range of clients with diverse
worldviews and values.
o The counsellors role is to create a climate in which clients can examine their
thoughts, feelings and actions and to empower clients to arrive at their own solutions
for problems.
o The counsellor’s role is to provide a safe and inviting environment in whch clients can
explore ther values and behaviour.
o Value imposition: refers to when counsellors directly attempt to define a client’s
values, attitudes, belief and behaviours.
o It is unethical for counsellors to impose their cvalues in the therapeuti relationship.
, o Counsellors must vow to be aware of and avoid imposing their own values, attitudes,
beliefs and behaviours and respect the diversity of the clients.
o Clients are placed in a vulnerable position and require understanding and support
from a counsellor rather than judgement.
o If counsellors experience difficulties over conflicting personal values with clients, the
ethical course of action is to seek supervision and learn effective wats to manage
differences.
2.2 in developing therapeutic goals:
o It is largely the client’s responsibility to decide upon goals, working alongside the
therapist.
o Counsellors have general goals that must fit in with the personal goals of the client.
o The client and counsellor need to explore what they hope to obtain from the
counselling relationship; whether they can work together and whether their goals are
compatible.
o It is essintial that the counsellor understands, respects and work within the
framework of the client’s world.
o Therapy ought to begin with an exploration of the client’s expectations and goals.
o In some cases, clients have no goals – the initial interview is used to focus on the
client’s goals or lack of goals.
o The therapist may start the initial interview by asking questions such as: “what do
you expect from counselling?”.
o It is important that the counsellor work cooperatively to discover what the client
expects from the counselling relationship.
o The consellor must realise that it’s the client’s place to decide in te goals of
counselling.
o It is important for the counsellor to address the client’s agenda and not his/her own.
Essay style answer:
Our values are core beliefs that influence how we act, both in our personal and our
professional lives. Personal values influence how we view counselling, and the manner in
which we interact with clients, including the way we conduct client assessments, our views
of the goals of counselling, the interventions we choose, the topics we select for discussion,
how we evaluate progress, and how we interpret client’s life situations.
It is not respectful to impose personal beliefs and values upon clients. It is the counsellor’s
role to accept the client for who they are and where they currently are in their life. When a
counsellor’s values are imposed on an individual, they tend to react by rejecting those
values without consideration and withdrawing from counselling. An involuntary client, who
is unable to physically withdraw from counselling, may withdraw emotionally, and become
unmotivated to accept the counsellor’s suggestions. Imposing one’s values upon the client
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