Summarised notes on all practical skills for matric (Grade 12) students with all necessary formula included. P.S the preview distorts the font and spacing so the document is more aesthetically pleasing once downloaded
SKILLS - if actual size given, calculate
Independent variable magnification with the formula:
- variable changed by the investigator on
purpose measured length of specimen ( mm ) x 1000
magnification=
actual ¿ ¿¿
Dependent variable Tables
- variable observed or measured - must always have a heading with three
- results point to the dependent variable variables
- D – dependent - units always appear in column
R – recorded headings
O – observed
M – measured Graphs
Y – y-axis - must always have a heading with three
variables
e.g. to test the effect of increasing sugar - y-axis – dependent variable is
concentration on the growth of plants recorded
- x-axis – independent variable
Reliability
- experiment must be repeated Aim
- sample size must be increased – find - aim identifies the purpose of the
an average investigation
- always starts with to show/determine
Validity etc
- valid if:
control is present Hypothesis
there is only one independent - cannot be “I predict” or “if…then…”
variable meaning that all other - hypothesis = idea or explanation that
variables are controlled you then test through
(therefore there are controlled research/experimentation
variables present) - must mention independent and
dependent variable
Control apparatus - written as a statement showing the
- used to prove that the results obtained relationship between the two variables
are correct and valid - e.g. aphid-infected plants that are
- exactly the same as normal apparatus exposed to ladybugs will have fewer
but independent variable is omitted aphids after a week than aphid-
infected plants which are left untreated
Measuring actual size
Conclusions
- one micron (µm) = one millimetre (mm)
x 1000 - = result/outcome of an act/process
- if scale line given: - not an observation
¿ measured length of specimen ( mm ) x given scale line ( μmm) - state whether your results support or
actual - contradict hypothesis
measured length of scale line (mm)
- if magnification is given:
¿ measured length of specimen ( mm ) x 1000
actual
givenmagnification ( x )
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