Summary
Molecules of life summary lectures
- Course
- Institution
- Book
Summary of the lectures and part of the book from the course molecules of life. Given in the first year of biology at university of Groningen
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
Molecules Notes (Organic Chemistry)
-
TUe (6M1X0) Organic Chemistry Full Revision Notes
-
Samenvatting organische chemie
1 review
By: aguriencu • 3 year ago
Seller
Follownoorbijvang
Reviews received
Content preview
Molecules of lifeNo multiple choice questions
Lecture 1 Mayer 24-02-2020 Chapter 1
Organic compounds: C, (N, H, O)
An organic compounds: everything else
Same structure of molecules show similarities in function
Structure of an atom:
• Consists of:
o Nucleus:
▪ Protons +
▪ Neutrons
o Electrons –
• Number of protons = number of electrons
• Electrons are important for chemistry
Periodic table:
• Top left corner: atomic number = number of protons
• Number under: 1 AMU
• 12 C & 13 C → difference in number of neutrons
Carbon dating: 14C 6 protons, 8 neutrons
Electrons are distributed in shells around the core: bohr model
• First shell: 2e-
• Second shell: 8e-
• Third shell: 18e-
• Fourth shell: 32e-
Electrons have wave like properties
Shells contain subshells: atomic orbitals
First shell Second shell Third shell
Atomic orbitals S S, P S, P, D
Number of atomic 1 1, 3 1, 3, 5
orbitals
Maximum number 2e 2, 6 e 2, 6, 10 e
of electrons
Core electrons: electrons in the inner shell
Valence electrons: electrons in the outmost shell
Relative energy of atomic orbitals: 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 3d
Three rules about ground state electron configuration
1. Aufbau principle: electron goes into the atomic orbital with the lowest energy
2. Pauli exclusion principle: no more than two electrons can be in an atomic
orbital
3. Hund’s rule: an electron goes into an empty degenerate orbital rather than
pairing up
, Atom Name of Atomic 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
element number
H Hydrogen 1 ↑
He Helium 2 ↑↓
Li Lithium 3 ↑↓ ↑
Be Beryllium 4 ↑↓ ↑↓
B Boron 5 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
C Carbon 6 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
N Nitrogen 7 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
O Oxygen 8 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑(↓) ↑(↓) ↑(↓)
2px, 2py, 2pz have same energy level → chance that two electrons in one p shell is equal
Only the most right row in the periodic table is stable because it has a closed shell
Octet rule: atoms are most stable when their outmost shell is filled
Hydrogen is very reactive because it can lose an electron or gain an electron
• Lose: proton
• Gain: hydride ion
Electrostatic potential map: you can see if an element is positive or
negative
Ionic interaction / ionic band: combination of ions to adhere to the
octet rule
Sharing electrons results in covalent bonds
• Polar bonds: higher electronegativity
o H-Cl & C=O
• Apolar bonds: dissolves in water
o C-H & H-H
Electronegativity: increases → & ↑
Continuum of bonds:
• Ionic bonds: > 2.0
• Polar bonds: < 2.0 & > 0.5
• Apolar bonds: < 0.5
1 electron means that the molecule can only form one bond
Lone pair: a electron pair that does not have to form a bond with another molecule
• H: 1 bond
• C: 4 bonds
• N: 3 bonds, 1 lone pair
• O: 2 bonds, 2 lone pairs
• F, Br, Cl, I: 1 bond, 3 lone pairs
, Formal charge: number of valence electrons – (number of lone pair electrons + number
of bonds) (formele lading)
Lecture 2 Mayer 25-02-2020 Chapter 8.1-8.5
3D structures of molecules
• Kekulé: perspective
• Ball and stick model
• Electrostatic potential map
S orbitals are spherical
• 2s orbital has a node: place in the orbital where are no
electrons
• Two s orbitals form a sigma bond
Orbitals are conserved – molecular orbitals (MOs)
• Number of atom orbitals combined = the number of molecular
• σ*- antibonding orbitals
• If orbitals are conserved they cannot be destroyed
P orbital resemble dumbbells
• Two p orbitals form a pi bond
• Plates: no electron density
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller noorbijvang. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R88,32. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 14 years now