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Summary Evolution - Grade 12

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These notes cover evolution for matric life sciences. They are IEB curriculum and were made in 2020. They contain images and examples. They include notes on Darwin and Lamarck's theories. They include examples of inbreeding, outbreeding, allopatric and sympatric speciation as well as natural and ar...

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  • October 20, 2020
  • 16
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary

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Evolution


Evolution: Hypothesis or Theory


Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an informed or educated assumption

- It provides a solution to a problem
- It provides an explanation of a specific phenomenon

It is based on scientific evidence and research

It can be tested by experiments or repeated observation

- Depending on the results it is either rejected or accepted



Theory

A theory is a well-substantiated explanation or hypothesis

- It makes sense of a natural phenomenon

It is based on scientific evidence

- It can be tested and confirmed by independent researchers

It is developed and changed or replaced as new evidence is observed




Evolution is a theory

- It is based on a series of hypotheses
- It has been tested and verified over time

, Evolution


Evidence of evolution


Fossil record

- Indicates the climate and environment from the past
- Few individuals fossilise
o Very specific conditions are needed for fossilisation
- Earlier, simpler fossils are found in deeper, older rock
o Recent, complex fossils are found in upper, newer rock
o This indicates the order in which evolution occurred
- Older rock has less biodiversity than new rock
o This indicates biodiversity increased over time
- The fossil record contributes to the complete compilation of
the geological timescale



Modification by descent

- Modification of limbs to adapt to environment
- Modification can occur within a species or within
relatives of a species
o Can result in speciation




ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

, Evolution


Homologous structures (Divergent evolution)

- Same body plan with different functions
- Can be traced back to a common ancestor
- Develop independently
o Suited to a specific habitat

Analagous Structures (Convergent evolution)

- Same function but different structure
- Adapted to similar environments
- No common ancestor

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