Summary
Summary Human Physiology ISBN: 9780134704203 Physiology - Cells
Differentiate between meiosis and mitosis. Learn the different aspects there is off the human cell and their characteristics and how everything function together.
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CELLS AND TISSUECELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
Chemical composition of the cell
Ions, molecules, and components
60% water
Structural components, mainly proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
Contains nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), minerals and vitamins
CELL STRUCTURE
Cells are surrounded by a membrane, it encases the cytoplasm and
organelles
THE CELL MEMBRANE
Composed of:
- lipids (mainly phospholipids with different protein molecules embedded)
Proteins located on inner surface, outer surface (peripheral proteins) and
extended through the membrane (integral proteins)
Membrane backbone formed by phospholipids with a hydrophilic
phosphate head and hydrophobic phosphate tail
Phospholipids are in a double layer; heads are at the side and tails in the
center
Proteins include:
- Lipoproteins
- Glycoproteins
FUNCTIONS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Barrier
Semipermeable and controls passage of substances
Contains membrane carriers/transport molecules for active transport
Contains receptors to bind hormones/chemical structures for cellular
functions
Contains antigens that react with other antibodies
PASSAGES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE
, Transport can be passive (no energy) or active (energy needed)
3 Types:
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Active Transport
DIFFUSION
WHAT?
Passive
HOW?
Material move within a solution or through membranes according to
pressure/concentration difference
Ions and molecules move at equilibrium thus the concentration at one
side needs to be the same as the other side, the substances move from a
high concentration to a low concentration to reach equilibrium
Lipid molecules of the cell membranes allow only fat soluble substances
(O2, CO2, fat soluble vitamins and lipids) to diffuse directly through the
membrane
Integral proteins constitute channels across the membrane where small
water soluble substances and ions (Cl-, Na+ , and K+) can diffuse
Channels are positive and allows passage of anions better than cations
OSMOSIS
WHAT?
Passive
HOW?
The flow of water through the membrane that restricts passage of other
substances.
Water flows from the side of membrane where the concentration of
solutes are lowest to highest until equilibrium
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
WHAT?
Active
HOW?
Integral proteins acts as carriers, bind molecules on one side of
membrane and transport them through the proteins channel to the other
side
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