Summary
Organic chemistry summary
- Course
- Physical Sciences
- Institution
- 12
If you are struggling with Organic Chemistry, Trust me, this will be your life line! For IEB Gr10-12
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRYSUMMARY
GR 10-12
IEB
,Chemistry Summary GR 10 – 12 IEB
Table of Contents
General things to remember ................................................................................................................ 2
Organic Chemistry ................................................................................................................................ 3
Naming organic compounds ............................................................................................................ 3
Isomers ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Boiling and melting points ............................................................................................................... 7
Explaining Boiling and melting points for Alkanes and Alkenes...................................................... 8
Explaining Boiling and melting points for Haloalkanes ................................................................. 10
Explaining Boiling and melting points for Carboxcylic acids and alcohols .................................... 11
Explaining Boiling and melting points for Esters ........................................................................... 12
Addition reactions .......................................................................................................................... 13
Elimination reactions ..................................................................................................................... 14
Substitution reactions .................................................................................................................... 15
1|P age
R Jones and S Jooma
,Chemistry Summary GR 10 – 12 IEB
General things to remember
Always write down the formula.
In chemistry all the measurements should be in grams, unless otherwise stated.
Make sure that you are using the proper measurement for the formula.
Remember to square numbers where there is a square in the formula.
2|P age
R Jones and S Jooma
, Chemistry Summary GR 10 – 12 IEB
Organic Chemistry
Naming organic compounds
Homologous Structure of
Formula Functional group
series functional group
Alkanes C–C CnH2n + 2 N/A
Hydrocarbons
Alkenes C=C CnH2n N/A
Carbons containing
Haloalkanes C-X CnH2n + 2X N/A
C,H and a halogen
OH
Alcohols CnH2n + 1OH Hydroxyl
C
O
Compounds Carboxcylic acid || RCOOH Carboxyl
containing C,H and C-OH
O O
Esters || RCOOHR N/A
C-O-C
1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 8C 9C 10C
Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec
• If there are any identical side chains use the prefixes di, tri and tetra.
• Always name in alphabetical order excluding di, tri and tetra.
• Numbers should be separated from letters by a dash (-).
• Numbers are separated by commas (,).
• Do not indicate where the functional group is for esters or carboxcylic acids, as the
functional group will always be on the first carbon numbering is redundant.
• Dienes (two double bonds in alkenes) get an “a” before the suffix dienes for
euphonic purposes. Eg) buta-1,3-diene is correct, but buta-1,3-diene is not.
• Diols get an “e” before the diol suffix for euphonic purposes. Eg) butane-1,3-diol is
correct, but butan-1,3-diol is not.
3|P age
R Jones and S Jooma
, Chemistry Summary GR 10 – 12 IEB
Naming Alkanes
• Single bonds between carbons.
• Find the longest carbon chain.
• Start numbering from the closest sidechain.
• Name in alphabetical order excluding di, tri, tetra …
Example
One carbon in To show that it
the sidechain. is an alkane.
H H H
| | | 3 – {Methyl}{hept}{ane}
7 6 5
H - C –C –C H H H The side chain
| | There are 7 carbons
| | | |
is located on in the longest chain.
H H C4 – C3 – C2 – C1 - H carbon 3.
| | |
H – C – HH H
|
H
Naming Alkenes
• One or more double bonds between carbons.
• Find the longest carbon chain.
• The double bond takes preference over the sidechains.
• Name in alphabetical order excluding di, tri, tetra …
“a” is only
added here
Example when there
Di is for two
are two
double bonds
double bonds
and ene to
There are to make the
H show that it
two methyl word sound
| is an alkene.
sidechains better.
H H–C–H
H H H
| | | | | |
3,3–{DiMethyl}{hex}{a}-1,5-{diene}
C1 = C2 – C3 – C4 – C5 = C6
| | | | | | The side The amount of Where
H H H chains are carbons that are the
H–C–H H H in the longest
located on double
| carbon 3. chain. bonds
H are.
4|P age
R Jones and S Jooma
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