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Samenvatting Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology R178,59
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  2.  
  3. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
  4.  
  5. Bachelor Psychologie
  6.  
  7. Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology (P0V90A)

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Samenvatting Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology

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  • Course
  • Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology (P0V90A)
  • Institution
  • Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
  • Book
  • The Student\'s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience

This is a very complete summary with the PPT's, the handbook and the notes included in the lesson. In the summary there is a lot of use of images (which are also explained) to make the course material so clear. It is a complete document that suffice for me to study and get a good grade.

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Document information

  • Yes
  • February 15, 2021
  • 86
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

Subjects

  • neurowetschappen
  • neuropsychology and neuropharmacology
  • neuropsychology and psychofarmacology

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  • Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
  • Bachelor Psychologie
  • Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology (P0V90A)
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II. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

0. INTRODUCTION
See also: Chapter 1

➢ Mind and brain: an empirical example of Penfield’s method




➢ Cognitive neuroscience aims to provide a brain-based account of cognitive and behavoirial
processes (perceiving, remembering, etc.)
o Made possible by technological advances in studying the brain that are safer and less
crude than, say, Penfield’s method
▪ E.g. brain damage, TMS, MRI, MEG, EEG


1. Historical foundations

➢ Philosophical approaches to mind and brain
o Do mental experiences arise in the heart (e.g. Aristotle) or brain (e.g. Plato)?
▪ Aristotle – the heart is the center of the soul and the brain is an organ that cools
the blood
o Mind-body problem: how can a physical substance (brain/body) give rise to mental
experience?
▪ Dualism: mind and body are separate substances (e.g. Descartes)
▪ Dual-aspect theory: mind and body are two levels of explanation of the same
thing (e.g. Spinoza)
▪ Reductionism: mind eventually explained solely in terms of physical/biological
theory (e.g. Churchland)

➢ Scientific approached to mind and brain
o Early anatomists believed the ventricles were important
o Cortex was often schematically drawn (top) or
misrepresented like intestines until 18th century
o Gall and Spurzheim (1810) provide an accurate depiction of the
features of the brain

,➢ Phrenology
o Assumptions
▪ Different parts of cortex serve different
functions
▪ Differences in personality traits manifest in
differences in cortical size and bumps on skull
▪ Crude division of psychological traits (e.g. ‘love
of animals’) and not grounded in science
o Lobes & maps of the brain




o Although phrenology is discredited, the notion that different regions of the brain serve
different functions has stood the test of time
o Modern cognitive neuroscience uses empirical methods to ascertain different functions
o It does not assume that each region has one function, or that each function has a discrete
location (unlike phrenology), but does assume some degree of functional
specialization

➢ Functional specialization: Broca’s observations
o ‘Tan’s lesion’

➢ Functional specialization: after Broca
o Wernicke later observed a patient with poor speech comprehension, but
good production
o Suggests at least two language faculties in the brain (comprehension vs. production) that
can be independently affected by brain damage
o This inference can be made without necessarily knowing where in the brain they are
located
= Cognitive neuropsychology

➢ Minds without brains: the computer metaphor
o Much of the 20th-century psychology was concerned with observations of behavior,
rather than observations of the brain during behavior
o This led to models of cognition that do not make direct reference to the brain, e.g. the
information-processing models popular from the 1950’s onwards
o The models were inspired by thinking of the mind as a series of routines, like those found
in computers




o Connectionist models are mathematical (computational) in nature but don’t involve serial
processing and discrete routines

,➢ The return of the brain: cognitive neuroscience
o 1970’s: structural imaging methods (CT, MRI) enable precise images of the brain (and
brain lesions)
o 1980’s: PET adapted to models of cognition developed by psychologists
o 1985: TMS is first used (a non-invasive, safer equivalent of Penfield’s earlier studies)
o 1990: level of oxygen in blood used as a measure of cognitive function (the principle
behind fMRI)




2. Methods of cognitive neuroscience

Method Type Invasiveness Brain property used

EEG/ERP Recording Noninvasive Electrical

Single-cell/ multi-unit Recording Invasive Electrical
recordings

TMS Stimulation Noninvasive Electromagnetic

tES Stimulation Noninvasive Electric

MEG Recording Noninvasive Magnetic

PET Recording Invasive Hemodynamic

FMRI Recording Noninvasive Hemodynamic

fMIRS Recording Noninvasive Hemodynamic

, 1. THE LESIONED AND STIMULATED BRAIN
See also: Chapter 5

➢ Mind and the lesioned brain: an example
o See video of Alien hand syndrome

➢ Mind and the lesioned brain: classical cases
o Tan – language
o DF – object recognition
o Phineas Gage – personality
o HM – memory

➢ Reverse engineering
o Infer the function of a region (or cognitive mechanism) by removing it and measuring the
effect on the rest of the system
▪ E.g. if damage to a region disrupts reading, but not speaking or seeing, then one
might conclude that the region is specialized for some aspect of processing text
o Disruption of brain function comes about through natural damage (e.g. stroke, trauma),
elicited damage (e.g. animal models), or harmless temporary changes induced electro-
magnetically (e.g. TMS)

1. Brain manipulation methods

➢ Taxonomy of brain manipulation methods
o




➢ Natural damage
o Neurosurgery




o Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
▪ A CVA or a stroke is an accident in the arteries (vascular) of the brain (cerebro)
▪ CVA in Belgium: 25.000 new victims/year, 15% dies, 50% of the stroke survivors
has long-lasting impairments

, ▪ Two types
• Ischemic infarction (80%)




• Hemorrhage or bleeding (20%)




o Traumatic brain injury (TBI)




▪ Various mechanical forces can result in
• Open traumatic brain injury: more localized effects
• Closed traumatic brain injury: more widespread effects




o Intracranial tumors
▪ Mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently
▪ Classification
• Benign vs. malign
• Encapsulated vs. infiltrating
• Primary vs. secondary

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