Summary
Summary of Basic Metabolism (MCB2021F)
- Course
- MCB2021F
- Institution
- University Of Cape Town (UCT)
Contents can be seen on the first page.
[Show more]
Content preview
Basic MetabolismBASIC METABOLISM...................................................................................................................................... 1
MAJOR CONCEPTS........................................................................................................................................ 3
WHAT IS METABOLISM?..........................................................................................................................................3
METABOLIC DIVERSITY............................................................................................................................................3
ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM.................................................................................................................................3
Catabolism:.....................................................................................................................................................3
Anabolism:......................................................................................................................................................3
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP):......................................................................................................................3
NAD/NADH:....................................................................................................................................................4
NADP/NADPH:................................................................................................................................................4
METABOLISM IS HIGHLY REGULATED..........................................................................................................................4
METABOLISM IS COMPARTMENTALIZED......................................................................................................................4
Prokaryotes (no organelles):..........................................................................................................................4
Eukaryotes:.....................................................................................................................................................4
THERMODYNAMICS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS............................................................................................... 5
TYPES OF SYSTEMS.................................................................................................................................................5
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:................................................................................................................................5
INTERNAL ENERGY (E), HEAT AND WORK....................................................................................................................5
ENTHALPY AND HEAT EXCHANGE...............................................................................................................................5
2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ENTROPY (S)......................................................................................................6
Gibbs free energy (G):.....................................................................................................................................6
STANDARD STATE REACTIONS...................................................................................................................................6
SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS......................................................................................................................................6
High energy compounds:................................................................................................................................7
Coupled Reactions:.........................................................................................................................................7
GLYCOLYSIS.................................................................................................................................................. 7
FUNCTION............................................................................................................................................................7
PHASE 1: ENERGY REQUIRING..................................................................................................................................7
Part A:.............................................................................................................................................................7
Reaction 1: ( -kinase = adds phosphate group)..........................................................................................................7
Hexokinase regulation:..............................................................................................................................................9
Reaction 2:................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Reaction 3:................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Phosphofructokinase Regulation...............................................................................................................................9
Part B (of Phase 1):.......................................................................................................................................10
Reaction 4:..............................................................................................................................................................10
Reaction 5:..............................................................................................................................................................10
Phase 1 summary:........................................................................................................................................10
PHASE 2: ENERGY GENERATING..............................................................................................................................10
Reaction 6:....................................................................................................................................................10
Reaction 7:....................................................................................................................................................11
Reaction 8:....................................................................................................................................................11
Reaction 9:....................................................................................................................................................11
Reaction 10:..................................................................................................................................................11
Pyruvate kinase Regulation:....................................................................................................................................12
ENERGETIC ELEGANCE OF GLYCOLYSIS......................................................................................................................12
ANAEROBIC VS AEROBIC METABOLISM....................................................................................................... 12
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION...................................................................................................................................12
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION..................................................................................................................................12
PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLATION................................................................................................................................13
ACETYL-COENZYME A...........................................................................................................................................13
KREBS CYCLE:.............................................................................................................................................. 13
1
, Basic Metabolism
REACTION 1:...................................................................................................................................................... 13
REACTION 2:...................................................................................................................................................... 13
REACTION 3:...................................................................................................................................................... 14
REACTION 4:...................................................................................................................................................... 14
REACTION 5:...................................................................................................................................................... 14
REACTION 6:...................................................................................................................................................... 14
REACTION 7:...................................................................................................................................................... 14
REACTION 8:...................................................................................................................................................... 14
SUMMARY OF KREBS CYCLE:..................................................................................................................................15
REGULATION OF KREBS CYCLE..................................................................................................................... 15
ANAPLEROTIC REACTIONS......................................................................................................................................15
GENERAL REGULATION.........................................................................................................................................15
REGULATION OF PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX..............................................................................................15
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.............................................................................................................. 16
SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................................................16
REDUCTION POTENTIAL.........................................................................................................................................16
MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE..................................................................................................................................16
COMPLEX I:........................................................................................................................................................16
COMPLEX II:.......................................................................................................................................................17
COMPLEX III: THE Q CYCLE....................................................................................................................................17
1st Cycle:........................................................................................................................................................17
2nd Cycle:.....................................................................................................................................................17
Summary:.....................................................................................................................................................17
COMPLEX IV: CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE...................................................................................................................18
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.................................................................................................................. 18
CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING....................................................................................................................................18
TOTAL ATP PRODUCED:.......................................................................................................................................18
ATP SYNTHASE...................................................................................................................................................18
Structure:......................................................................................................................................................18
Mechanism:..................................................................................................................................................19
DISRUPTIONS OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND ATP SYNTHESIS.......................................................................................19
RECYCLING NAD+ FOR GLYCOLYSIS..........................................................................................................................19
2
, Basic Metabolism
Major Concepts
What is metabolism?
- Chemical changes within cells
- Breakdown of raw materials/nutrients to energy and complex cell products
Metabolic diversity
Classifications of organisms by energy and carbon source
Classifications Energy Carbon Source Examples
Source
H, Sulfur, Fe, N, Carbon
Chemoautotrophs Chemical Inorganic
monoxide oxidizing bacteria
Chemotrophs
Chemoheterotroph Organic All animals, most fungi,
Chemical
s compounds protozoa, bacteria
All plants, algae,
Photoautotrophs Light Inorganic cyanobacteria,
Phototrophs green/purple sulfur bacteria
Organic Green/purple non-sulfur
Photoheterotrophs Light
compounds bacteria, heliobacteria
Anabolism and Catabolism
- 2 broad process in metabolism:
Catabolism:
- Energy generating process
o Energy used in anabolism
- Break-down/degradation of complex molecules
- Oxidative
Anabolism:
- Energy requiring process
- Synthetic process which produces complex molecules
- Reductive
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP):
- Links anabolism & catabolism
- Phototrophs: light energy converted to ATP
- Heterotrophs: chem energy converted to ATP
- Stored in energy-rich phosphoric anhydride bonds of ATP
- Energy currency of the cell
3
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller mattclothier13. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R120,00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73918 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 14 years now