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Summary Grade 12 History - Unit 1 Cold War

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This document contains all notes required to learn for the grade 12 history topic on the Cold War. The notes are written as concise and as clearly as possible, in the most simplest terms possible.

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  • June 29, 2023
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Topic one: The Cold War

The origins of the cold war
 USA – capitalist , supported by the west
 USSR – communist, supported by the east and other communist countries
 Clash between two political ideology’s

Why did the cold war develop
 Before WW2 was distrust of USSR after communist government came into power
 Set aside – Grand Alliance was formed
o Roosevelt (USA), Stalin (USSR), Churchill (Brittan)
 Yalta conference – February 1945
o Grand Alliance met and talked about what they were going to do with
Germany
o Germany would be divided up into occupation zones
o Agreed that Eastern European countries should have independent elections
 Potsdam Conference – 1945 July
o Break in relationships reasons
 USSR had taken control of much of Eastern Europe
 Stalin set up communist government in Poland – ignored wishes of
the polish
 Roosevelt died – Truman replaced – he was very suspicious about
Stalin
 Atomic bomb had successfully been developed – Stalin was not
informed about it
 Churchill lost his election in England
o Stalin wanted renumerations from Germany
o Truman was against this
o Decided that Germany divvied into 4 – USSR, France, England, USA
o Capital Berlin also separated

The USSR and the USA: the creation of speres of influence

The installation of Soviet Friendly governments in the satellite states
 USSR annexed Baltic countries – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the eastern part of
Poland
 They ensured that Soviet friendly governments were introduced into
Hungary,Bulgaria,Romania and Eastern Germany – Soviet Satellites
o This went against agreement for free elections that was established at the
yalta conference
 In 1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia
 USA and Brittan established only reason USSR joined alliance was to recapture land
 They became concerned over Greece, Italy and France – posed big communist
parties

,The USA’s policy of containment: the Truman Doctrine and the Marshal plan

 Introduced containment and solution rather that isolation

Trumans Doctrine
 Events in Greece and Turkey – led to formation
o Civil war in Greece broke out between communist-led guerrillas against
Greek government,
o Similar in Turkey
o USSR was supporting the communists in these countries
 March 1947
 Acted as basis that would send aid to any country threatened by Communist
takeover
 Official basis of American policy during Cold War

Marshall Plan
 Named after Secerery of state – George Marshall
 He went to Europe observed destruction from the war
 Then gave aid to help re-build the economies of eastern European countries

Soviets response to Marshall Plan
 Stalin was not happy about the plan
 It increased division between eastern Europe and western
 In result the Communist Information Bureau – was formed
o Was used to organise communist parties in eastern Europe
o In 1949 Comecon (council for Mutual economic aid) was formed
 Later Cuba and Vietnam would join


Berlin Crisis

 Allies had made agreements at Postdam that Germany would remain same
 But soviets went against this by
o Establish a communist dictatorship – and communist economic systems .
 They nationalised industry – made economic recovery slow as
government rejected aid from USA
o Western Zones democratic elections were held – and rapid economic growth
occurred (Marshall aid)
 In 1948 Western Zones united and formed single economic unit

, 1948-1949: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift

 Western Currency became the dominant currency in Berlin – caused Soviet Zone
currency to loose its value
o Stalin saw this as economic warfare
 June 1948 – USSR closed all road, rail and canals linking berlin to the West
 This cut off ability to deliver supplies and contact with West Berlin from the West
 USSR sent rations to west Berlin to persuade people to allow soviet control
 3 Options were available to the west
o Could risk war by forcing USSR lift the Blockade
o Did nothing could risk looking weak in the eyes of Stalin
o Instead airlifted supplies (food, fuel, building materials) to 3 air lanes open in
Berlin
 May 1949 Stalin called of Blockade
 After Germany divided into two separate states
o May 1949 (western zones came together) German Federal Republic formed
 Leader: Konrad Adenauer Capital: Bonn
o October 1949 (USSR formed) German democratic republic
 Capital: East Berlin Leader: Walter Ulbricht


1953: Uprising in East Berlin

 Protest by workers throughout East Berlin then in East Germany
o Wanted greater economic + political freedom + end of Communism and
withdrawl of Soviet forces
 Many east Germans were executed
 Reforms were introduced after which allowed East German greater independence

1961: The building of the Berlin Wall
 Highly educated young people were leaving east Germany to escape and work in
West.
 1961 – Soviets decided to divide the city – set up machine gun posts and searchlights

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