Summary
Summary Psychopathology
- Course
- Intro to Psychology Part 1
- Institution
- University Of Cape Town (UCT)
Summary of Psychopatholgy from 'Psychology: an introduction' textbook. Detailed and has extra notes from lectures.
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CHAP MENTAL2TER Psychopathology
HEALTH
4‘Psyche’ = mind/soul ‘pathology’ = disease/illness study psychological disorders.
DEFINING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Establish separation of disorder & normal behaviour.
Statistical deviance No clear way to describe what is
Use statistical norms abnormal & normal – different
Out of norm = abnormal/ sign of mental illness circumstances & contexts
Issue – depend on cultural/social perspective
This is problematic – just because considered norm doesn’t mean its acceptable.
Maladaptiveness
Extent to which behaviours/experiences are maladaptive to self/to others.
Behaviour preventing individual from adapting for good = abnormal.
Based on assumption that ppl should change & adapt for survival.
Problem = Like SD views from external perspective rather than internal.
Personal distress Common Symptoms of Psychological
disorders:
Suffering accompanies psychological disorders.
Difficulty sleeping / sleeping
Exceptions (eg. Ppl w/APD don’t feel appropriate forms of distress). too much.
- Often find pleasure in inflicting pain on others.
Not all distress = unhealthy Tired most of day.
Distress = normal response Difficulty concentrating.
Worrying about a lot of
different things.
HISTORY OF MENTAL ILNESS Eating less/more.
Early Era Washing hands
frequently.
Related to evil spirits – borrow hole into skull (they’ll leave)
Ancient Era
Evidence naturalistic shift
Hippocrates (Greek physician) – father of modern medicine (even though incorrect)
- Mental illness – imbalance of essential fluids (Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile)
Middle Ages
Naturalistic approach fell out – Religion dominated.
Supernatural belief (again) – punishment for sins/ demonic possession
Exorcisms/ witch hunts
, Mentally ill – punished/killed
Began locking up – best known St Mary of Bethlehem.
Renaissance Era
Treated more humanely
Witchcraft questioned
Johann Weyer (German physician) – unstable, cannot be held responsible for actions
Reginal Scot – Discovery of witchcraft (medical illness)
Asylum Era
Understanding increase but institutionalisation also increased.
Inhumane treatments
- Restraining
- Dark cells
- Subjected to torture-like treatments (Electric shocks, bleedings, powerful drugs &
starvation).
Gradually challenged.
Philippe Pinel – treated w/ kindness & consideration to recover (Country retreat – peaceful
conditions).
Despite developments – some countries still treat badly
Scientific Era
Discovery that general paresis (caused paralysis & insanity) had biological cause – could be
treated.
Fuelled research for other biological causes.
Formed foundation of modern-day psychiatry.
Understood to be medical illnesses – many attempts to identify, understand & treat.
Emil Kraepelin – Classification system – Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders.
Sigmund Freud – psycho-analysis (mental illness caused by forbidden wishes & instinctual
drives being repressed).
- Behaviourism school – better understand by observing how abnormal behaviour is learnt
by external enviro.
- Behaviour therapy – change factors in environment
Ongoing debate about which treatment is better.
Psychotropic drugs (mood influencing) – 1950s
ALTERNATE UNDERSTANDINGS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Diff to Western approach.
China & India – don’t separate physical from mental.
SA – difficulties linked to social relationship problems.
Religious healing – indigenous beliefs w/Christianity.
Consult indigenous healers, herbalist, prophets.
Should be approached together.
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