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Summary Oxford in Search of History, ISBN: 9780199056903 History
Summary study book Oxford in Search of History of Jean Bottaro - ISBN: 9780199056903 (IEB AND GED)
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The Coming of Democracy in South Africa and Coming to Terms with the PastComing of Democracy
• Coming of the elections and the start to Democracy
• 1980s: start of dialogues and talks
• 1989-1994: Democracy- sections 1
↳ How we become a democracy
• Coming to terms with the past- Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)-
allow for people to come forward and say seek for forgiveness so that we can
move forwards TOGETHER
↳ Miracle Nation/ Moving into a new era
• Start of 1990- Mandela wasn’t released
• 11 February 1990: Mandela is released
• 1994: First democratic election- first black President= Mandela
Outline of coming to a Democracy:
Start of Dialogues and Talks (1980s):
• Negotiations can only really start once Mandela was released from prison
• Mandela was willing to discuss while in prison, but he wasn’t in a position to
negotiate because he was powerless in prison and also wasn’t the leader of
the ANC at the time
A. 1989/1990: Announcement of De Klerk release of political leaders,
unbanning of political parties
B. 1985-1989/1990: Start of Dialogue and Talks Mandela’s offer to
provisionally leave prison Mandela refused Broederbond Meet
goes to De Klerk’s speech about change
C. 1989-1994: Steps to Democracy De Klerk’s speech, Release of
Mandela announcements of change
D. 1990-1994: Negotiations Talks about Talks Move towards
Democracy CODESA Multi-Party negotiations
E. Breakdown of Talks: Boipatong Massacre, Bisho Massacre, Chris Hani
assassination negatives in negotiations derailment
F. Joe Slovo and his role, Assassination of Chris Hani, Compromises
between NP and ANC, future
G. Opposition from Groups and Rhamaposa and Roelf Meyer, AWB and
Trade Centre, St. James Church Massacre
H. Final Road to Democracy Fall of Mangope and Gqoze and the
Bophuthatswana shooting, IFP and Freedom Front join the election
I. 1994: First Democratic election The 1994 Election and the Birth of a
new SA
Questions:
Compromise and Crisis
Negotiations and Conflict
Not just De Klerk and Mandela?
↳ Chronology is NB
,How did South Africa emerge as a democracy from the crises of the 1990s, and
how did South Africans come to terms with the Apartheid past?
In January 1990 apartheid was still firmly in place in South Africa and
the liberation movements were banned. Nelson Mandela, while no
longer subject to the restrictions of ordinary prison life, was not yet
released.
By the end of April 1994 the political situation had been transformed:
South Africa was working towards a new, democratic constitution and
most apartheid legislation had been abandoned. It had held its first
democratic election on 27-28 April 1994.
These years are of world historical importance, constituting a watershed
in South African history. There were many different forces and
processes that brought about these changes, making this a complex period
in South African history.
A. Start of Dialogues:
1. Dialogues with Mandela:
One of the many kinds of dialogue which began to take place in the
late 1980s involved talks between Nelson Mandela and government
officials.
By the early 1980s, Mandela was internationally known as the most
famous apartheid prisoner, and the campaign for his release put
mounting pressure on the South African government.
In January 1985, President Botha offered him freedom if he would
renounce violence. This meant that it was a conditional release.
Still pursuing the idea of releasing him conditionally, the Minister of
Justice, Kobie Coetsee, met him in the Volks Hospital in Cape Town in
November 1985, and that meeting eventually led to a series of discussions
between Mandela and National Party government officials, including the
head of the National Intelligence Service, first when Mandela was in
Pollsmoor Prison close to Cape Town, and then when he was living in a
house within the grounds of Victor Verster Prison near Paarl.
Eventually, PW Botha himself met Mandela at Tuynhuys in July 1989 and
a joint statement was issued which was vague about the issue of violence:
Mandela did not renounce it, but agreed to work for a peaceful solution to
the conflict.
↳ July 1989 in Europe: Massive change People’s Power
Talks with Mandela began before his release in 1990 before
negotiations meeting during ungovernability and the State of
Emergency talks about what to do
Government recognises that Mandela is the one to negotiate with need
to treat him properly every time he’s moved to a different prison
conditions get lighter
2. The ANC and the Broederbont Meet:
Broederbont male Afrikaners wanted to ensure they stayed in power
A second set of talks took place between members of the ANC-in-exile,
including Thabo Mbeki and members of the Broederbond and other
Afrikaners. These talks were held in England. The Afrikaners included the
, brother of FW De Klerk, Wimpie De Klerk. These talks were reported to the
government. Eventually, in September 1989 (closer to wall coming down),
officials of the National Intelligence Service met secretly with ANC leaders
Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma at a hotel in Switzerland.
These were all exploratory talks, in which the state tried to find out what the
ANC stood for especially on the question of the continuation of the armed
struggle and its links with the Communist Party and whether a compromise
was possible involving a deal with the ANC.
↳ Issue as to whether ANC is communist or not worried that if they
are and they come into power then land, business would be taken
away from them and given to the people
3. The ANC and Business Leaders:
Alongside the secret meetings, public meetings took place between the ANC
and a number of different groups of South Africans from September 1985
onwards. These included business leaders and a large group of Afrikaners
who met the ANC in Dakar, Senegal in 1987.
These talks were denounced by PW Botha, but they helped give the ANC
legitimacy as an important player in the future of South Africa. The ANC was
becoming increasingly accepted in the international community as the main
organisation speaking for the oppressed in South Africa.
The Eminent Persons’ Group:
A compromise was worked on at the Commonwealth Meeting (British
Colonies) held in Nassau in the Bahamas: An ‘Eminent Persons’ Group’
(EPG) would travel to South Africa to study the prospects for change and
report to the next Commonwealth Summit. This was partly in response to the
long-awaited Rubicon Speech promised change but there was no change
Report about what’s happening in SA
↳ Strikes, boycotts, ungovernability
↳ How should
On the night of 15 August 1985, South Africa's President PW Botha delivered
the infamous Rubicon Speech. Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time, Pik
Botha, had told the world to expect a radical policy shift but was wrong.
Among the expected policy shifts which did not materialize was the release of
the Nelson Mandela.
A seven-member group arrived in South Africa in early 1986, met Nelson
Mandela in Pollsmoor Prison, and proposed almost exactly what De Klerk was
to announce in February 1990.
But then, in May 1986, the South African Defence Force launched commando
and air attacks on supposed ANC bases in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana,
aborting the EPG mission. Shortly afterwards, the Botha government imposed
a nation-wide State of Emergency, which gave the police enormous powers to
try to end the Township Revolt.
Operation Vula and the Harare Declaration:
, As the ANC came under pressure to work for a negotiated settlement, Oliver
Tambo, its leader, approved a secret plan, known as Operation Vula
sending into South Africa senior members to organise underground support
and promote mobilisation within the country pushing for a negotiated
settlement
At the same time, the ANC publicly issued a set of liberal-democratic
constitutional guidelines and in August 1989 was to propose a detailed
programme for moving to negotiations with the apartheid government
The Harare Declaration stated the ANC belief that “a conjuncture of
circumstances exist which, if there is a demonstrable readiness on the part of
the Pretoria regime to engage in negotiations genuinely and seriously, could
create the possibility to end apartheid through negotiations” new
constitution that was equal
The Harare Declaration laid down five pre- conditions for negotiations:
1. Lifting the State of Emergency government could do
whatever they wanted detaining, executing Government
has absolute power
2. Ending restrictions on political activity
3. Legalising all political organisations
4. Releasing all political prisoners
5. Stopping all political executions
B. Steps to Democracy 1989-1994:
Botha rules until Feb 1989 has a stroke and popularity has fallen
1989: De Klerk takes over from Botha
Between 1990 and 1994 the political structure of South Africa changed
fundamentally.
At the beginning of 1990, the National Party was still in control and black
people did not have the right to vote The ANC had been banned for 30
years and its leaders were in exile or in jail.
But by 1994 South Africa had become a democracy, with one of the most
liberal constitutions in the world.
The National Party’s 46 year-old rule had come to an end when the ANC won
a majority in the first democratic election in 1994. All of these changes came
about in four amazing years.
The Unbanning of Political Organisations:
The political atmosphere in South Africa changed during the course of 1989.
This was partly due to the momentum generated by the Mass Democratic
Movement. Another factor was the willingness of the new President, FW De
Klerk, to accept the urgency for the need for a different approach.
On 18 January 1989, PW Botha suffered a minor stroke and decided to
lessen his responsibilities. The National Party caucus (the members in
Parliament) voted for a successor as leader, and FW De Klerk was elected.
Botha was forced to resign as President in August by his ministers.
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